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Plans for Concrete Farm Buildings

Planning Farm Buildings

HE planning of farm structures, whether for a single unit or complete farmstead, is a

_1_ challenge to the designer and builder to construct adequate and efficient buildings a I
costs that will assure the farmer profitable return on his investment.

Shrewd analysis of building materials commonly used on farms today will point squarely
to some form of concrete construction. First cost of concrete is reasonable. Rot proof, termite-
proof, and weatherproof concrete assures low maintenance and repair costs. Firesafety.
attract iven ess, and cleanliness are other factors which have made concrete buildings popular
on farms as well as in cities.

The use of plans which are approved by farm building specialists can do much towards
helping farmers obtain the kind of buildings needed and providing for the many small but
important features often overlooked.

The drawings in this publication are typical designs and should not be used as working
drawings. They are intended to be helpful in the preparation of complete plans which should
be adapted to local conditions and should conform with legal requirements. Working draw-
ings should be prepared and approved by a qualified engineer or architect.

Valuable suggestions may often be obtained from county agricultural agents or state
colleges.

The general plan of the book is to present essentials of quality concrete and sound building
construction on the farm. An outline of subjects covered is provided in the index on page 56.

Th»"iictivities of the Portland Cement Association, a national organization,
are limited to scientific research, the development of new or improved products and
methods, technical service, promotion and educational effort (including safely work),
and are primarily designed to improve and extend the uses of portland cement
and concrete.

The manifold program of the Association and its varied services to cement users
are made possible by the financial support of over 60 member companies in the
United Stales and Canada, engaged in the manufacture and sale of a very large pro-
portion of all portland cement used in these two countries. A current list of member
companies will be furnished on request.

Portland Cement Association

How to Make Quality Concrete

r W^0 be assured of maximum service and satisfaction*
from concrete improvements, it is important that
the concrete be of good quality. And, it is just as easy
to make concrete of good quality which gives excellent
service as to make concrete of poor quality which may
give disappointing results. A few simple rules carefully
followed result in good concrete.

Concrete is a mass of sand and gravel, the particles
of which are coated and held together by a cement
paste. The cement paste is made as portland cement
and water are stirred together in mixing the concrete.
If the cement paste is rich and strong the concrete will
be strong. On the other hand, if the paste is weak and
watery the concrete will be poor. Factors affecting the
strength of the cement paste and the durability of the
concrete are explained below.

Water

Mixing water for concrete should be clean enough
to drink.

Portland Cement

Portland cement should be kept in a dry place. Any
cement containing lumps so hard that they do not
readily pulverize when struck lightly with a shovel,
should not be used.

Sand and Gravel*

Sand should be clean, hard and well graded, that is
with particles of many sizes from very fine up to those
which will pass through a No. 4 screen (4 openings per

'"Crushed stone or crushed slag may be used in place of gravel.

lin.in.). Gravel should be clean, hard and range in size
from }4 in. up to about l}4 in. for most work. Silt,
clay and loam are objectionable in sand arid gravel to
be used in making concrete as they coat the particles
and prevent the cement paste from bonding to them,
resulting in weak, porous concrete. A good rule to fol-
low is to haul sand and gravel from pits which are known
to make good concrete.

Slit Test

Sand and bank-run gravel
may be tested to determine
whether they contain injurious
amounts of finely divided clay
or silt as follows:

1. Place 2 in. of representa-
tive sample of sand or
gravel in a pint fruit jar.

2. Add water until the jar is
almost full, fasten the
cover, shake vigorously,
then set the jar aside until
the water clears.

3. Measure the layer of silt
covering the sand or
gravel. If this layer is
more than y% in. thick
the material is not clean
enough for concrete unless
washed.

The silt test quickly re-
veals whether or not
sand or gravel is clean
enough to make good
concrete. This sand
contains more silt than
is allowable and should
be washed before using
in concrete.

Good concrete sand is shown at top. Sizes vary from very
fine up to small pebbles which will just pass through a
%-ui* sieve. The variety of sizes needed in a good concrete
sand is illustrated by the six sizes below which were
screened out of the natural mixture of sand above.

Good concrete gravel is shown at top. Note the variety
of sizes, the smaller stones filling in spaces between larger
ones. The three samples below were obtained by screening
the natural mixture of gravel above. Smallest sizes are
Va to % in.; next are % to % in.; largest are 3 4 to 1% in.

FIG. 1. Sloping table for washing bank -run gravel.

Sand and bank-run gravel containing too much silt
or clay may be washed to make them clean for use in
concrete. A satisfactory washing table is illustrated in
Fig. 1. It consists of a wide, shallow, sloping trough.
The material is shoveled onto the high end where it is
drenched with water by means of a hose or pail, wash-
ing out the objectionable silt or clay. The material
should be retested after washing to make sure that
it is clean.

SfcND AND GJUVEL
SCREE1M - V MESH

WOOD FLOM

FIG. 2. Some of the tools and equipment needed for farm
concrete jobs. A bottomless box holding 1 or 2 cu.ft. makes
a convenient measure for proportioning sand and gravel.

Mixing and Placing Concrete

Strong, watertight, durable concrete can readily be
made by following carefully the suggestions given here.
Measure all materials — water, cement, sand and gravel.
It is especially important that only a limited, measured
amount of water be used in the concrete mix. Where too
much water is added the cement paste which holds
the mass of sand and gravel together will be diluted
and weak. Weak cement paste means weak, porous con-
crete which is sure to be unsatisfactory.

Concrete materials may be measured as follows;
Water is conveniently measured in a pail marked off

A cross section of
economical, durable
concrete looks like this.
It was obtained through
use of proper amount
of gravel properly
graded and thoroughly
mixed.

A good concrete mix for most
farm jobs looks like this. Note
that mix is fairly stiff, yet be-
cause of proper proportioning
there is sufficient cement-sand
mortar to make smooth, dense
surfaces. Few farm jobs should
have a wetter mix than this.

Vegetable Matter Test

Sand and gravel sometimes contain harmful amounts
of decomposing vegetable matter. Concrete made with
such sand or gravel may not harden or the resulting
concrete may be of low strength. A test to see whether
sand or gravel is fit for use in concrete may be made
as follows:

1. Dissolve a heaping teaspoonful of household lye
into 3^ pint of water contained in a 1-pin t fruit jar.
(Fruit jar should be ojfcolorless glass.)

2. Pour 3^ pint of a representative sample of sand
or gravel into the jar containing the lye water.

3. Cover the jar tightly and shake vigorously for
1 or 2 minutes.

4. Set the jar aside for 24 hours, then inspect in
good light.

5. If the water is clear or colored not darker than
apple cider vinegar, the material is suitable for
use in concrete. However, if the color of the water
is darker than this, the material should not be
used for concrete before it is washed to remove
the objectionable vegetable matter.

in gallons and half gallons. Sand and gravel may be
measured in a 1-cu.ft. bottomless box (see Fig. 2).
Portland cement is usually obtained in sacks, each sack
holding 1 cu.ft. Cement in quantities less than 1 sack
may be measured as portions of a cubic foot in the
bottomless 1-cu.ft. box or in pails.

A small machine mixer is most convenient for farm con-
crete jobs of any size. Note separate piles of sand and
gravel. It is particularly important to use the proper
quantity of water in the concrete mix as discussed above.

Table I — Suggested Concrete Mixes*

Use of concrete

U. S. gal. of

water per
sack cement
with average
moist sand

Sand and
gravel per
sack cement

Largest
size
of
gravel

oana,
cu.ft.

liravel,
cu.ft.

Most farm construe-

tinn miPrl nfi flnors
nuii QUuii no n\j\ji o,

steps, basement
walls, walks, yard
pavements, silos,
grain bins, water
tanks, etc.

iy 2 in.

(~* r\n orotA in tHiflr QPf*-

\_j(JUOICIiC III LlllvvlV

tions and not subject
to freezing. Tnick
footings, thick foun-
dations, retaining
walls, engine bases .

ljfin.

Thin reinforced con-

orota an/irk net millr

Crete nil U 11 no Ililliv

cooling tanks, fence
posts, thin floors,
most uses where
concrete is 2 in. to
4 in. thick.

% in.

Very thin concrete

1 x p

such as top course of
2-course floors and
pavements, concrete
lawn furniture, most
uses where concrete
is 1 in. to 2 in. thick

% in.

*These are trial mixes for average conditions. // is particularly
important to use not more water per sack of cement than shown in
the table. If sand is very wet decrease amount of water used 1 gal.
per sack of cement. If sand is dust dry increase amount of water
14, gal- P er sac k of cement. Change proportions of sand and
gravel slightly if necessary to get a workable mix.

Suggested concrete mixes are given in Table I. The
1 :2J^:3 mix (I sack portland cement tp 2% cu.ft. sand
to 3 cu.ft. gravel) is used for most kinds of farm con-
crete work. These are trial mixes for average conditions.
Change proportions of sand and gravel slightly if neces-
sary to get workable mixes. By a workable mix is meant
one which is smooth and plastic and will place and finish
well. It should not be so thin that it runs or so stiff
that it crumbles. It should be rather sticky when
worked with a shovel or trowel. For most work a
workable mix is one which is "mushy" but not "soupy".

For machine-mixing allow 1 to 2 minutes' mixing
after all materials are in the mixer. Freshly mixed con-
crete should be placed in the forms immediately, then
tamped and spaded or vibrated to assure smooth sur-
faces and dense concrete. A 1x4 board sharpened to a
chisel edge or a garden hoe with the blade straightened
out makes a satisfactory concrete spade. If an appre-
ciable amount of water comes to the top while spading
and tamping, it is a warning that the mix is too wet.
To remedy a wet mix make sure that no more water
is added per sack of cement than suggested in Table 1.
If the right amount of water is being used, a wet mix
may be corrected by increasing slightly the amounts of
sand and gravel in following batches.

Construction joints caused by stopping work tem-
porarily demand special attention. Best practice is to
roughen the surface with a stiff broom before it hardens.
Before placing concrete again, wet the surface, then
cover with a layer of cement mortar about }4 in. thick.
This helps insure a tight joint between old and new
concrete and largely prevents stone pockets along the
joint. Cement mortar is made by mixing 1 part of
Portland cement to parts of sand with enough
water to make a "mushy" workable mix.

Hand-mixing .is done as follows: Place the measured
amount of sand on a watertight mixing platform.
Spread the cement evenly over the sand and turn the
two materials with a shovel until a uniform color
shows that the sand and cement are thoroughly mixed
together. Spread this mixture out evenly and add the
measured amount of gravel. Mix thoroughly again,
then form a hollow in the material and slowly add
the measured quantity of water. Mixing should con-
tinue until every particle has been completely covered
with cement paste.

Concreting in Cold Weather. Mixing water, sand and
gravel should be heated for making concrete in freezing
weather and the new concrete should be protected from
freezing for at least 3 days. Materials containing ice
or frost should never be used in concrete. Concrete
should not be deposited on frozen ground nor in forms
containing frost or ice.

Finishing and Curing Concrete

Newly placed concrete is leveled off in the forms
with a strikeboard or wood float, then the wood float
is used to make an even surface. Further finishing is
delayed until the concrete hardens enough to become
quite stiff. If a gritty, nonskid floor is desired, a wood
float is used to produce the final finish. If a smooth,
dense surface is required, a steel trowel is employed
in finishing.

Stony spots found when forms are removed may be
patched by working a stiff cement mortar into them
with a wood float. The mortar should be 1 part port-
land cement to 2J^ parts sand.

Concrete needs moisture to harden properly, that is,
to cure. New concrete should, therefore, be protected
from drying out for at least 5 days. Floors and other
horizontal surfaces should be covered with burlap,
earth, straw, etc., and tjfe| material kept wet for the
required time. Walls should be covered with canvas or
burlap, etc., and this covering kept wet. Some protec-
tion may be secured by leaving forms in place.

Reinforced Concrete

Steel rods called reinforcing bars, and wire mesh
reinforcement are often used in concrete to strengthen
it against pulling or bending forces. Reinforcement
must be free from rust scale and other coatings. Scrap
iron and rusty fence wire should never be used as
reinforcement. Standard reinforcing bars or mesh
should be used, placed exactly in the position called
for in the plans. See Fig. 3 for important steps in plac-
ing reinforcement. \t laps, bar ends should extend

FIG. 3. Reinforcing bars should be placed as shown here.
At laps bar ends should extend past each other as ex-
plained below. Reinforcement is supported on blocks to
assure proper depth of concrete under the bars, then
blocks are removed as concreting progresses. Al ways bend
reinforcement around corners as shown.

past each other as follows:

round bars — 12 in. %-in. round bars — 2 ft. 6 in.
%-in. round bars — 1 ft. 6 in. %-m. round bars — 3 ft.
3^-in. round bars — 2 ft.

At laps and intersections, bars should be tied to-
gether with No. 15 or 16 gage wire. Important work
should be designed and supervised by a competent
engineer or contractor.

Watertight Concrete

Concrete mixes described in Table I, except the
1:2% :4 mix, will make watertight concrete if all the
suggested steps in construction are faithfully performed.
It is particularly important that no more water be
used in the mix than is specified in the table and that
concrete be kept moist for a hardening or curing period
of at least 7 days.

How to Estimate Quantities of
Material Needed

Table II shows the amount of materials required per
cubic yard (27 cu.ft.) of concrete. Find the number of
cubic yards of concrete needed to fill the forms and
multiply this by the factors given in Table II. It is best
practice to increase material quantities about 5 to 10
per cent to allow for waste and variables in the work.

Amount of materials rehired for concrete floors,
walls or other plain flat slabs of concrete may be de-
termined from Table III which shows approximate
amounts of materials needed per 100 sq.ft. of the most
commonly used concrete mix, 1:23^:3. For example,
concrete materials required for a poultry house floor
20x30 ft. and 4 in. thick may be computed in this
way: From Table III — 100 sq.ft. of 4-in. floor requires
1% sacks of cement, % cu.yd. of sand, and 1 cu.yd. of
gravel. t For a floor of 600 sq.ft., as in our problem, find
approximate amounts of material needed by multi-
plying these quantities by 6 :

7% X 6 = 46J^2 sacks of cement
% X 6 = 43^2 cu.yd. sand
1X6= 6 cu.yd. of gravel

Table II — Approximate Amounts of Materials
Required Per Cubic Yard of Cfmerele*

Use of concrete

Sacks

of
cement

Sand,
cu.yd.

Gravel,
cu.yd.

Largest
size of
gravel

Most farm construction
such as floors, steps,
walks, tanks, silos, etc,

1:2%:3 mix

i 1 -j in.

Concrete in thick sections
and not subject to freez-
ing. Thick footings and
foundations, etc.

I:2%:4 mix

1 4 in.

Thin reinforced concrete
such as milk cooling
tanks, fence posts, slabs
2 in. to 4 in. thick.

1:2 74:2 72 mix

6 4

✓ 4 in.

Very thin concrete as for
lawn furniture, top
course of 2-course floors,
concrete 1 in. to 2 in.
thick.

1:1 3/4:2% mix

s » in.

♦Amounts of sand and gravel required should be increased about
5 to 10 per cent to allow for waste and variables.

Table III — Approximate Amounts of Materials
Required For iOO Sq.Ft. of 1:2*4:3 Mix Concrete*

Thickness

Concrete,

Sacks of

Sand,

Gravel,

of concrete, in.

cu.yd.

cement

cu.yd.

19',

* Amounts of sand and gravel required should be increased about
5 to 10 per cent to allow for waste and variables.

Table IV— Approximate Amounts of Materials
Required Per 100 Sq.Ft. of Portland Cement
Mortar or Concrete

Thickness
of mortar
or

concrete,
in.

Amount
of mortar
or

concrete,
cu.yd.

Mix proportions

1:3

Sacks

of
cement

Sand
cu.ft.

Sucks

of
cement

Sand,
cu.ft.

Gravel

(Hin.).
cu.ft.

X A

Table IV can be used to estimate approximate mate-
rials needed for various thicknesses of porlland cement
mortar or plaster and for concrete % /% to 3 in. thick.

flf concrete aggregates are sold in your locality by weight you
may assume, for estimating purposes, that a ton contains
approximately 22 cu.ft. of sand or crushed stone; or about
20 cu.ft. of gravel. For information on local aggregates consult
your building material dealer.

Concrete Footings, Foundations, Basement Walls, Floors

2*4" FORM
STUDS ■

Forms for concrete footings are often made of 2x8 or 2x10
planks as shown here. The stiff concrete mix requires
some spading to assure dense, solid concrete.

Footings and Foundations

Adequate, well-built concrete footings and founda-
tion walls prolong the life of a building and reduce to a
minimum danger of cracked walls and other failures
which cause expensive and annoying repairs. Concrete
foundations also provide permanent protection against
rats, termites and rot.

Sixe of footings required under the foundation wall
depends upon the size and weight of the building sup-
ported and also upon the type of soil encountered at the
footing level. Some soils will carry much heavier loads
than others. For example, soft clay soil should not be

GRADE

FIG. 4. Where foot-
ings are built in soft,
wet soils, a tile drain
should be placed en-
tirely around the
building at the foot-
ing and connected to
a suitable outlet.

FOUNDATION
WAUL

FOOTING

1" 50ARD5

I*x4"

TIE -

FIG. 5. Foundation walls above grade may be formed in
this manner where earth walls of the trench stand straight
and true, and where a wide footing is not required. Most
foundations should have a footing, however, in which
case the foundation is formed as shown in Fig. 6.

loaded heavier than 1 ton per sq.ft., while firm blue
clay will safely carry twice this load. In all cases the
footing slab should be placed on firm soil below frost
penetration. With average soil conditions (firm clay or
a mixture of sand and gravel and clay) it is customary to
make the footing width equal to twice the thickness of
the foundation wall above. Depth of the footing is
usually made equal to the thickness of foundation wall.

Small buildings such as poultry or hog houses usually
have a footing 16 in. wide and 8 in. deep for average
soil conditions. Larger and heavier buildings such as
barns, large granaries, corn cribs, etc., should have foot-

DRA1N TILE

Simple forms of this kind serve for concrete footings
which are to support posts or piers.

FIG. 6. Suggested method of forming for foundations
which are supported on footings.

ings 24 to 30 in. wide and about 12 in. deep. Where
very soft clay, muck or quicksand is encountered, width
of footing should be doubled and best practice is to
provide tile drainage around the footing.

Foundation walls are built of either cast-in-place con-
crete or concrete masonry units. The thickness of the
foundation wall is usually the same as the concrete
masonry wall it supports and is seldom less than 8 in. In
building two or more stories in height as in the case of
large barns, the foundation wall is usually made 10 to
12 in. thick.

Footing slabs under posts and columns demand spe-
cial attention. Posts and columns in many farm build-
ings support heavy loads and it is important that the
footing area be great enough to prevent settlement of
the post and consequent sagging of the structure above.
Post footings in small buildings and for light loads may
be built l}/2 to 2 ft. square and 9 to 12 in. thick; for
heavy loads such as those found in large or heavily
loaded barns, grain storages, etc., the footing should be
2]/2 to 3 ft. square and 12 to 15 in. thick.

Forms for high concrete walls must be adequately braced
to assure straight, plumb walls.

Forms for foundation walls above grade are shown
in Figs. 5 and 6. Forms are usually of 1-in. boards
backed up with 2x4 or 4x4 studs, spaced about 16 in.
apart. Opposite sections of forms are tied together with
wires looped around each opposite pair of form studs.
Ties are ordinarily spaced about 24 in. apart along the
stud and may consist of single strands of No. 9 or No.
10 gage soft iron wire or doubled strands of No. 12 wire.
Small spreader or spacer blocks, cut in lengths equal to
the thickness of the wall desired, are placed in the forms
and the wire ties are then twisted to hold the spreaders
tightly in place. These spreader blocks must, of course,
be removed as filling of the forms with concrete pro-
gresses. Form faces may be painted with engine oil to
prevent concrete from sticking.

Correct concrete mixes for footings and foundations
are given in Table I, page 4. Best results are obtained
when a rather stiff mix is used. Concrete should be
placed in the forms in layers not deeper than 6 in. and
if possible the complete wall should be cast in one con-
tinuous operation. If it is necessary to interrupt the
work, however, construction joints should be given spe-
cial treatment as described on page 4.

Watertight basement walls are built without diffi-
culty if certain precautions are taken. Quality concrete
and first-class workmanship are perhaps the most impor-
tant factors. A worthwhile precaution to insure a dry
wall is to place a line of drain tile entirely around the
building at the footing level as shown in Fig. 4. The
tile line should slope at least 1 in. in 25 ft. and should
lead to an adequate outlet. Coarse material such as
crushed rock, cinders or stone should be placed over the
tile to a depth of at least 18 in. to permit quick drainage.

In building dry basement walls of concrete masonry,
it is good practice to apply two coats of portland cement
plaster on the exterior surface. The plaster mix should
consist of 1 sack of portland cement to 2 3^ cu.ft. of

Thorough spading of concrete along form faces helps
assure smooth, watertight concrete walls.

Quality concrete and well-built farms help produce
smooth, attractive basement walls of cast-in place concrete.

damp mortar sand. Each coat should be about \i in.
thick. The first coat is scratched or roughened before
it hardens to provide good bond for the second coat.
The second coat may be applied on Lhe day following
the first coat. Keep plaster moist for several days by
frequent sprinkling.

Concrete Floors

Concrete floors are widely accepted as the most satis-
factory type of floors for most farm buildings because
they last indefinitely, are easy to clean and convenient
to work on.

Before concrete is placed, the floor area should be
cleared of all debris, then carefully leveled or given the
desired slope. Many floors are sloped about hi- hi
1 ft. to drain readily. Filling placed in low spots should
be tamped thoroughly to provide a firm base for the
concrete slab. Floors for most farm buildings are built
abou t 4 in. thick, 2x4 side forms commonly being used
as a guide for the thickness. Floors which will receive
hard or heavy usage should be built about 6 in. thick.

As shown in Table I, page 4, a 1:2)^:3 concrete mix
is suggested for most farm building floors. The concrete
mix should be rather stiff so that some tamping is
required in placing. The full thickness of concrete should
be placed in one operation. Freshly placed concrete is

leveled flush with the lop ul the forms by means of a
strikeboard which is worked back and forth across the
surface with a slow, saw-like motion. A straight 2x4
about 10 ft. long makes a convenient strikeboard for
large floors, correspondingly shorter lengths being used
on smaller work. The new concrete is allowed to harden
until it becomes quite stiff, then it is finished with a
wood float and a steel finishing trowel. The wood float
is used to make an even, uniform surface and it may also
be used for final finishing if a gritty, nonskid surface is
desired. Where a very smooth, dense floor surface is
desired, final finishing should be with a steel finishing
trowel after the water sheen on the surface has disap-
peared and the concrete has become quite stiff. The
finishing trowel should be used sparingly, however, be-
cause over-troweling will result in surfaces which dust
and craze readily. The new concrete floor should be
cured properly, as explained on page 4.

Warm, Dry Concrete Floors. In some cases a special
method of construction is employed to assure dry con-
crete floors. Thoroughly dry floors are a necessity in
grain storage buildings and in some other storage, struc-
tures. Poultry house, hog house and certain other floors
may in some cases require special attention to moisture-
proofing. A first requirement for a dry floor is that it be
placed on a site that is well-drained. If the site does not
have good natural drainage, the concrete floor should
be placed on a fill. Construction is then as follows :

On a well-tamped fill of gravel, cinders or crushed
rock having a thickness of 6 to 12 in. above grade, place
a 13^-in. base course of concrete. This thin concrete
layer is then leveled and left to harden. After it has
hardened, place asphalt roll roofing or tough water-
proof building paper on the concrete base course, lap-
ping and carefully cementing joints with mastic. Com-
plete the floor by placing a top layer of concrete about
3 in. thick. New concrete floors should be allowed to
age and dry out thoroughly before materials which
might be injured by dampness are placed on them.

FINISHING CONCRETE FLOORS

After concrete becomes quite stiff but is
still workable, the wood float is used to
compact the surface and smooth out un-
even spots left by strikeboard. No further
finishing is required on barn floors and
other areas where even, yet gritty, n on slip
surface is desired.

After concrete has hardened enough to
become quite stiff the steel finishing
trowel is employed to make a smooth,
dense surface. The finishing trowel
should be used sparingly since over-
troweling produces surfaces which, after
hardening, tend lo check and dust.

A broomed finish is desirable
where more than normal trac-
tion is wanted to make a nonslip
floor, cattle walk or pavement.
Concrete is brushed with a stiff
broom after it has been wood
floated and steel troweled.

Attractive farm buildings of concrete block or concrete building tile are secured when a few simple rules of good concrete
masonry construction are followed.

Cancrete Masonry Construction

Concrete masonry units, that is, concrete block, con-
crete building tile and concrete brick, are widely used
in constructing all types of farm buildings. The grow-
ing popularity of concrete masonry construction for
farm structures is due to its economy, durability and
firesafety — these advantages mean low maintenance
costs and long life. Masonry units are readily obtain-
able from local concrete products manufacturers.

Sizes and Shapes

Concrete masonry units are made in several conven-
ient shapes and sizes. The nominal 8x8xl6-in. unit

referred to as a concrete block is the size most widely
used. It is laid in courses 8 in. high and makes a wall 8 in.
thick (see actual block dimensions and explanation Fig. 7.).
Concrete block are also available in 4, 6, 10 and 12-in.
widths. Another common size is the nominal 5x8xl2-in.
unit called a building tile, which is laid in courses 5 in.
high and builds walls 8 or 12 in. thick according to the
way the unit is placed. It is also available in 4-in. width.
In some parts of the country the 33^x8xl2-in. unit is
available. It is laid in courses V/% in. high and either
8 or 12 in. thick. Regardless of what type of concrete
masonry unit is available locally, the products manu-

STEPS IN BUILDING CONCRETE MASONRY WALL

Vertical edges of the block are buttered Block is held in this manner and shoved firmly Two rows of mortar are placed on wa!
with portland cement mortar before laying against the one previously placed, care being Outside top edge of block is set lev
in wall. taken to set the block level. with and just touching chalk line.

EMPHASIZING HORIZONTAL JOINTS PRO-
DUCES AN INTERESTING WALL

1 — Mason rubs the vertical joint with a flat fragment of
concrete unit to compact the mortar and obscure the joint.

2 — Mason grooves the mortar with a round tool to empha-
size the horizontal joint.

3— Close-up of wall section shows how vertical joints are
obscured and horizontal joints brought out. Wall is fin-
ished with two coats of portland cement paint.

facturer carries in stock corner returns, door and win
dow jamb units, joist units, half-length units, and other
specials which enable the mason to construct rapidly a
neat, attractive wall. Common shapes and sizes of con-
crete masonry units are illustrated in Fig, 7.

How to Build With Concrete Masonry

In general, it is best practice to employ an expe-
rienced mason to build concrete masonry walls, espe-
cially for the more important structures. In small, less
important work any man handy with tools can soon
acquire the necessary experience to lay concrete masonry
units. Follow these simple rules:

L Check the footing or foundation wall to see that
it is level and straight, then stretch chalk lines
along the outside edges of the walls to serve as
guides in building the corners.

2. Build corners 2 or 3 courses high, then stretch
chalk lines between corners along oulside faces to
serve as guides in laying the walls.

3. Place a double row of mortar on the footing or
foundation wall as shown in accompanying illus-
tration. This provides what is called "face shell
bedding".

4. Press concrete masonry units carefully into the
mortar with outer face touching the chalk or guide
line.

5. Butter vertical edges of units with mortar and
shove firmly against unit previously placed. Where
large units are used it is customary to stand them
on end and butter edges before placing in wall.

6. Vertical joints should average about \i to % in.
thick. Horizontal or bed joints should be not more
than }/2 in. thick and should average about z /% m -
thick. Excess mortar which is squeezed out be-
tween joints as the units are placed should be
struck off flush with the wall surface with a trowel.

7. After the mortar has become quite stiff, it should
be pointed with a small trowel or rounded point-
ing tool which compacts the mortar, pressing it
firmly against the concrete masonry units. This
helps produce tight, strong joints.

8. Keep concrete masonry units dry until laid in the
wall.

Some very interesting wall finishes can be obtained
by varying the treatment of the mortar joints. A simple
yet attractive finish is produced by tooling the hori-
zontal joints to make them stand out prominently and
by cutting off the vertical joints flush with the wall
surface, then rubbing them with a piece of carpet, cork
or other rough material to give them about the same
texture as the concrete masonry units. Then when the
wall is painted with portland cement paint the attrac-
tive finish with bold horizontal lines shown in illustra-
tion at left is obtained. Four other attractive wall
treatments or patterns for concrete masonry construc-
tion are shown in Fig. 8. In these treatments, both
horizontal and vertical mortar joints are tooled.

COMMON SHAPES AND SIZES OF CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

^ — _ — —

FIG. 7. © Three-core, full length block. © Corner return
block. © Partition wall block. Also used in double wall
construction. © Door and window jamb block for wood
sash and frames. Jamb block for metal sash. © Header
block to back up brick and other facings. Ball nose
block for streamline corners. ® Two-core block available
in some areas* Half-height block for ashlar walls.
@ Concrete brick. @ Jamb tile for metal sash. © Full-
length tile — 3V£-in. height. @ Jamb tile for wood sash
and frames* @ Full-length tile — oVW 11 - height. @ Jamb
tile for metal sash. As shown in the drawings, actual

Table V — Materials Required
for 100 Sq.Ft. of Concrete Masonry Wall

7j£-in.
course
height

5M-m.
course
height

3H-in.
course
height

Wall thickness, in.

4 or 8

Number units (block)

110

220

300

Mortar, cu.ft.

dimensions are Vi m * less in length and height than
nominal dimensions. Units are made this way so that a
7 3 /4x8xl5 3 /4-in. unit plus one bed joint and one vertical
joint will occupy 8x8x16 -in. space when laid in the wall.
Even dimensions are convenient in laying out the build-
ing and in using stock sizes of windows, doors and other
mill work. Units shown are available in half-lengths and
frequently in quarter and three-quarter lengths to save
cutting on the job. Units ©, ©♦ ©, ®, ©♦ ® and ® are
also available in 6, 10 and 12 -in. widths. Units @, @, @,
@ and @, in 4 -in, width.

Table VI — Materials Required
for 100 Cu.Ft. of Mortar

Type of mortar

Sacks

of
cement

Lime,
cu.ft.

Sand
(damp-
loose),
cu.yd.

1 vol. cement to 3 vol. sand

3.5

1 vol. cement to 3 vol. sand
plus x /i vol. lime.

6.7

3.5

1 vol. cement to 1 vol. lime to
6 vol. sand

3.6

Table VII — Weights and Time Required to Build 100 Sq.Ft. of Masonry Wall*

7^-in. course height

5>£-in. course height

3^- in. course height

Wall thickness

4 in.

8 in.

4 in. 8 in.

4 in.

8 in.

Light
aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Light
aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Light
aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Light
aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Light
aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Light

aggre-
gate

Heavy
aggre-
gate

Weight of wall— lb.

2,200

3,450

3,600

5,850

1.800

2.700

3,050

4,900

2,100

3,050

3,600

5,550

Mason time — hours

33^

I^abor time — hours

2V 2

2)i

"Light aggregate includes cinders, expanded slag or burned shale. Heavy aggregate includes sand, gravel and limestone.

MANY ATTRACTIVE PATTERNS CAN BE PRODUCED WITH CONCRETE MASONRY

Fig. 8. These and many other patterns can be obtained

Mortar to Use

For laying concrete masonry walls subject to average
loading and exposure, use a mortar made in the pro-
portions of 1 volume of masonry cement* and between
2 and 3 volumes of damp, loose mortar sand ; or 1 volume
of portland cement and between 1 and 1% volumes of
hydrated lime or lime putty and between 4 and 6
volumes of damp, loose mortar sand. Walls which will
be subjected to extremely heavy loads, violent winds,
earthquakes, severe frost action, or other conditions
requiring extra wall strength, including isolated piers,
should be laid with a mortar made of 1 volume of
masonry cement* plus 1 volume of portland cement and
between 4 and 6 volumes of damp, loose mortar sand;
or 1 volume of portland cement, to which may be added
up to 3^ volume of hydrated lime or lime putty, and
between 2 and 3 volumes of damp, loose mortar sand.

* Federal Specifications SS-C-181b, Type II.

Ill

by combining full and half-height concrete masonry units.

Add sufficient water to obtain a workable mortar. For
estimating quantities, see Tables V and VI.

Concrete Sills and Lintels

Common types of concrete sills and lintels are shown
in Fig. 9.

Concrete lintels are used over door and window open-
ings. Lintels are usually 8 in. wide and 1% in. high to fit
into walls of 8x8x1 6-in. units. They may be precast or
made on the job. Lintels which carry only wall loads and
are not over 3 ft. long do not require reinforcement.
Lintels from 3 to 8 ft. long which carry only wall loads
are reinforced with two j^-in. round bars placed V/i in.
above the bottom of the lintel. Where lintels carry both
wall and floor loads, it is best to obtain the advice of a
structural engineer as to the amount of reinforcement to
use. A concrete lintel should usually have an 8-in. bearing
on the wall on each side of the window or door opening.

Other Construction Details

Window and door frames are readily built into the
wall. They are temporarily braced in position before
walls on either side are built, care being taken that top
of window or door frame is placed at the exact course
height where lintels are to be installed. Tight construc-
tion along sides of the frame is obtained by using special
jamb units made for this purpose. After walls on either
side of window and door frames have been built up to
the top of the frames the concrete lintels are set in place.

Serviceable door frames and window frames for small
farm buildings may be made of 2x6 material. Window
frames of this kind are shown in Fig. 9; door frames in
Fig. 10. Width of window and door openings and dis-
tance between openings should, for greatest conven-
ience, be some even multiple of 4 in. Thus, masonry
openings 24, 28, 32, 36 or 40 in. wide are provided by
using conventional full-size block 16 in. long together
with three-quarter, half and quarter-length units.

Window and door frames should bo carefully plumbed
and braced in position before wall units are laid.

VERTICAL SECTION

WOOD SASH DETAILS

VERTICAL SECTION

METAL SASH DETAILS

FIG. 9. Wood sash and metal sash details. Concrete sills
and lintels should he used for all window and door openings.

- 2\ <t>" F RA ME

rx r stop

rxc-T.&G.-

FTG. 10. A method of building door frames which is
suitable for most service buildings.

2'* 4" RAFTER-

PORTLAND CEMENT
PLASTER ON !'
INSULATING LATH

Z V 6" PLATE
BOLTED <o-0"O.C
BOLTS ^"xlO"

2"xG"fUFTER

2'k6" PLATE-
BOLTED G"-0"O.C.

&OLT5 wicr

RAFTER

GABLE ROOF CORNICE

VENTILATOR. INTAKE

FIG. 11- Suggested types of construction at cornice and
plate level.

Construction at the cornice or plate level may be as

shown in any of the drawings in Fig. 11. Thus, usual
construction is to anchor a 2x6 or 2x8 plate to the con-
crete masonry wall with 2^-in. by 8-in. or 10-in. bolts
set approximately 6 ft. on centers. Weatherproof con-
struction is obtained by fastening a 1-in. board over the
joint between plate and wall as shown. Boards required
will be 1x6, 1x8 or 1x10 depending on the size and cut
of rafters. For a trim, modern appearance, exterior
crown molding may also be applied under the eave as
shown in one of the drawings.

Lightweight Concrete Masonry

With more and more attention being given to well-
insulated homes and livestock buildings, many farmers
are building with lightweight insulating concrete block
and tile. Two types of insulated concrete masonry walls
are commonly used. One type consists of 8x8xl6-in.
block made of lightweight aggregate concrete. Light-
weight concrete is made with such aggregates as cinders,
expanded slag, and expanded burned shale. The insu-
lating value of this wall may be increased if desired by
filling the cores in the units with a granular insulating
material. Such a wall provides all the insulation needed
for walls of livestock shelters even in the northernmost
areas in the United States.

Increased insulation of concrete masonry walls may be
provided by filling cores in the units with a granular
insulating material.

The other type of wall construction consists of a
double wall of 4x8xl6-in. lightweight concrete block
with a 1-in. air space between. Walls are tied together
with No. 6 gage galvanized wire ties laid 24 in. on
centers in alternate courses of block. Wire ties are bent
in the shape of a 5-in. square and are carefully embedded
in the mortar joints. Further wall insulation may be
obtained, if desired, by filling the 1-in. air space with
granular insulation. This provides an exceptionally well-
insulated wall.

Lightweight concrete block should not ordinarily be
used below grade; usual practice is to use heavyweight
concrete block or cast-in-place concrete.

Estimating Concrete Masonry Unit |g
Requirements

If you will take your plans to your local concrete
products plant which manufactures concrete building
units you dan get an estimate of the number of units
required including full-length units, half units, corner
units, jamb units and other specials. You can also get
information on the amount of mortar required to build
the walls as well as information on sills and lintels and
much other helpful advice.

Applying Portland Cement Paint

Concrete masonry walls take on an attractive, fresh,
clean appearance when painted with portland cement
paint. Portland cement paint also forms a weathertight
coating over the surface which resists the penetration
of rain through the walls.

Factory-mixed portland cement base paints should
meet the requirements of Federal Specifications for
Paint; Cement- Water, Powder, White and Tints (For
Interior and Exterior Use), Designation TT-P-21.
Manufacturers' directions should be closely followed in
mixing and applying cement paint.

In general the following steps are recommended in
applying portland cement paint.

1. Cement paint comes in powder form and is mixed
with water to a painting consistency just before
applying. Paint should be thick enough so that it
will not run when applied and yet not so thick
that it cannot easily be scrubbed into the surface.
The first coat is usually mixed to a thinner con-
sistency than the second coat so that it can be
scrubbed into the numerous small apertures in the
wall surface.

2. The paint powder and water should be thoroughly
mixed together and the mixture stirred occasionally
to keep the powder from settling to the bottom of
the container.

3. The surface to be painted should be uniformly
wetted with water. This water is best put on as a
fine spray. Garden spraying equipment is excellent
for this purpose.

4 . The paint is applied immediately to the damp sur-
face. Joints are covered first, after which the entire
surface is gone over using a scrubbing motion of
the brush to make sure that the paint is worked
into small openings, thoroughly covering the sur-
face. If this is not done, pin holes are likely to be left
in the surface through which rain water may pass.

5. A brush with short stiff bristles is recommended.
Brushes with long bristles or fibers should not be
used. A scrub brush with bristles about 2 inches
long is most satisfactory.

6. As soon as the paint has hardened sufficiently so
that it will not wash it should be sprayed with
water as often as necessary to keep the surface
damp. Cement paint needs moisture to harden
properly. The second coat is cured in a similar
manner. Curing should be continued for 24 hours.
It is best to apply paint on the shady side of a
building in warm sunny weather. Then the fresh
paint will not be exposed to direct drying action
of the sun.

7. The second coat is applied after the first coat has
hardened, usually in about 24 hours. The surface
is uniformly dampened just ahead of painting and
the painted surface is cured as described above.

A FEW OF THE MANY ATTRACTIVE STUCCO TEXTURES COMMONLY USED

Italian

English Cottage

Spatterdash

Travertine

Stucco Finishes

If the owner prefers, he may have his concrete
masonry buildings finished with portland cement stucco.
Stucco finishes can be produced in a wide selection of
textures and colors. A few typical textures are illus-
trated above.

Concrete masonry walls provide an unexcelled base
for stucco. Three-coat work is recommended, consisting
of a first or scratch coat, a second or brown coat and a
finish coat. The first two coats are each about % in.
thick and the finish coat from y% to 3^ in. depending
upon the texture selected. Mortar for all coats is mixed
in the proportions of 1 sack of portland cement to 3
cu.ft. of moist sand to which not more than 10 lb. of
hydrated lime or lime putty can be added to give the
mortar the required plasticity to spread readily. If color
is desired in the finish coat it is obtained by adding the
proper amount of a mineral oxide pigment of the re-
quired color. For light colored finishes use white port-
land cement.

Before applying the first or scratch coat the concrete
masonry wall should be dampened to insure a good
bond. The second coat is applied not sooner than 24
hours after the first coat. The first coat should be
scratched to help provide better bond for the second
coat which is also scratched to provide bond for the
final coat. The final or finish coat should not be put on
sooner than 7 days after the second coat. Plaster coats
should be kept constantly moist for at least 2 days by

Portland cement stucco is
applied directly on concrete
masonry walls. Scratch coat,
second and finish coats
shown.

On frame construction,
portland cement stucco
should be applied to ex-
panded metal lath proper-
ly secured.

sprinkling to aid in curing. A competent plasterer or
stucco contractor should be employed to be assured of
a quality job that will give long-lasting service.

Insulating Farm Buildings

Keeping heat or cold in or out of a building in an
effort to jnaintain a uniform temperature is the purpose
of insulation.

The two types of insulation most commonly used in
farm buildings are rigid board and fill. The rigid board
type is used in cast-in-place concrete walls, fill is used
in hollow masonry walls.

In the colder climates animal shelters must be insu-
lated. Most animals produce enough heat to maintain
a comfortable indoor temperature if the heat is not lost
through the walls and roof.

Insulation must be kept dry to be of greatest value.
In barns, poultry houses, milk houses or other build-
ings where the humidity becomes relatively high mois-

4x8x1©"L1GHT
WEIGHT CONCRETE
BLOCK

NO. 6 GALV.W IRE TIES
S'SQUARE-MJERJUTE
COURSES -24"O.C.

I"MRSPrCE

ture vapor condenses on
cold surfaces and if
allowed to pass into a
wall, moisture accumula-
tion in the wall will re-
sult. It is important
therefore, that with the
fill-type insulation in a
wall a moisture seal be
placed on the inside or
warm side of the wall.
Aluminized asphalt paint
as well as other water-
proof coatings are used
for this purpose. Iligid-
board-type insulation
may be obtained which
has a waterproof seal.

Concrete masonry or
reinforced concrete walls in farm buildings can be
designed for low thermal conductivity, that is, for low
heat loss through the wall. Tests sponsored by the
American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi-
neers in cooperation with the Portland Cement Asso-
ciation showed coefficients U ranging from 0.30 down
to 0.10 depending on wall thickness, kind of aggregates
and method of wall insulation.

Lightweight concrete blocks are widely used for wall
construction because of their low thermal conductivity.
When additional insulation is needed the cores of the

TYPES OF WELL INSULATED CONCRETE WALLS

-8\6M6"L1GHT
WEIGHT CONCRETE
BLOCK

-l*lNSULfcTIOH

-£*-8 M O.C.
HORIZONTAL

#'4>-9-o.c

HORIIONUL

-V+WUtTlES
!5 H OX.

■a ■

f 4 4- >' ■

■ n a i 1

l\ SPACE PILLED
WITH GRANULAR
INSULATION

DOUBLE LIGHTWEIGHT
CONC. BLOCK WALL

u«ateoR0.z6+

LIGHT WEIGHT CAST- IN -PLACE CONC.

CONCRETE BLOCK WALL DOUBLE WALL

U=O.I9 U= 0.22

♦U»0.16 IF AIR SPACE FILLED WITH GRANULAR INSULATION
U s 0.26 IF AIR SPACE NOT FILLED

FILL

CAST-IK-PLACC- CONCRETE
HOLLOW DOUBLE WALL
U=O.I5

FIG. 12. Types of well-insulated concrete walls.

blocks are filled with fill-type insulation as illustrated
on page 14.

Types of walls and methods of insulating them are
shown in Fig. 12. The heat loss through walls, how-
ever, may not be as large as that through the roof, and
it is therefore very important that this loss be con-
sidered and steps taken to reduce it. Hay in mows gives
good insulation; the straw loft in the poultry house
also gives good protection. The plans for the 1-story
dairy barn and milk houses on pages 22 and 26 show
other economical methods of insulating roofs.

Barns — General Purpose and Dairy

Haw to Choose the Barn Plan

The farmer should always select the barn plan which
best fits his own needs.

Inspection of barns already constructed or study of
up-to-date plans is suggested before construction is
started. Costly mistakes often can be avoided and more
serviceable buildings obtained in this way.

Complete plans and details of construction in blue-
print form for the barn layouts illustrated may be had
free upon request in the United States and Canada.
With minor changes these plans usually can be made to
fit the needs of most farms.

Barns should be located with long axis north and
south to obtain maximum amount of sunlight. The hay

Well -insulated and well -ventilated 1-story concrete barns provide warm, dry quarters for most efficient production. In addition they
are completely firesafe. Separate hay storage is provided nearby.

door should be placed on ihe north; this permits unload-
ing in the shade. Flat and gable roofs are used on 1-story
barns while Gothic or gambrel roofs are used most for
2-story barns.

The barn design data which follow represent the
general recommendations of leading farm building spe-
cialists and can be used either in planning new buildings
or for remodeling.

BARN DESIGN DATA

Dairy Bur as

Light = 4 sq.ft. of window area per cow
Stall width = 3 ft. 6 in. (may vary 3 ft. 2 in. to 3 ft. 8 in.)
Stall length = 4 ft. 8 in. (may vary 4 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. 4 in.)
Feed alley width - 4 ft. in. (may vary 3 ft. in. to 5 ft. in.)
Manger width = 2 ft. 6 in. (may vary 2 ft. in. to 2 ft. 8 in.)
Litter alley width - 5 ft. in. (4 ft. 6 in. to 8 ft. in. for drive-
way)

Cross alleys width = 3 ft. 6 in. (not less than 3 ft. in.)
Bull pen size = 9x9 ft. or larger

Calf — or young stock pen — 7x7 ft. or larger — best to be 10 to
12 ft. wide

Mows should provide 2 tons (1,000 cu.ft, storage space) for each
cow

Mows should provide 1 ton (500 cu.ft. storage space) for each
cow where 4 to 6 months 1 pasture or silage is provided

llorsc and General Purpose Barns

Single horse stall width = 5 ft. in. (may vary 4 ft. 8 in. to 5 ft.
6 in.)

Double horse stall width = 9 ft. in. (8 ft. in. for small barns)
Manger width = 2 ft. in.

Stall length - 7 ft. in.

Litter alley width - 5 ft. 6 in. (5 ft. in. to 6 ft. in.) for

1 row of stalls or 10 ft. in. for 2 rows with center alley

Extra doors «= 4 ft. in. wide or 3 ft. 4 in. to 8 ft. in. double —
ail 7 ft. 4 in. high

Ceiling height underside of joists — 7 ft. 6 in. to 8 ft. in. for dairy
barns

Ceiling height underside of joists — 8 ft. in. to 9 ft. in. general
purpose — beef and horse barns

Dairy and General Purpose Barns

Generous hay storage 2 to 2% ton per cow.
Only 1 ton per cow or less if most of roughage is placed in silos,
stacks, etc.

Floor Space in Mule Pens

60 to 70 sq.ft. per mule more or less.

The concrete floor is a recognized necessity in modern dairy barns.

Dairy Barns

A well-built concrete structure provides service for a
lifetime or more. For this reason the arrangement of the
floor space into stalls, alleys and pens should be care-
fully planned on paper before beginning construction.
A careful study of floor arrangements permits selection
of a plan which makes possible the saving of much time
and labor in caring for the stock.

A double row of cow stalls is usually the most eco-
nomical arrangement in dairy barns. Cows may face
in or face out, according to dairyman's preference.
Many dairymen favor the "face out" arrangement how-
ever, because it allows efficient work behind the cows
where most of the work is done. Other advantages of
the "face out" arrangement are that walls are not spat-
tered wilh droppings, fewer doors are required, mangers
are exposed to direct light, more efficient use is made
of space for pens, box stalls, etc., and with this arrange-
ment cows show off best. Advantages of "face in"
arrangement are: better light for milking, more con-
venient feeding, supporting columns may be in stall
rows.

The high, "feed saving" type of manger shown is pre-
ferred by most modern dairymen because of its sanitary
features. Many health authorities object to the low,

FIG. 13. Typical dimensions for dairy barns of different widths, cows facing in or facing out. See Table VIII.

One-story dairy barn constructed as addition to old barn.
The concrete floor, lightweight concrete masonry walls and
precast window sills and lintels make a serviceable and
economical firesafe unit to house the dairy herd.

[4: Q'j3U" j ^-0 <, J j 3-4 ^ 4~o' | .*-*'J,4'0'.[?-^
1. ■ ^

Plan

FIG. 14. Old barns can often be used for feed storage
while cows are housed in a new 1 -story addition.

Table VIII — Dimensions of Cow Stalls*

Breed

Approximate
weight, lb.

Length
of stall

Width
of stall

Ayrshire

1,000

4 ft. 8 in.

3 ft. 6 in.

Brown Swiss

1,200

5 ft. in.

3 ft. 8 in.

Guernsey

1,000

4 ft. 8 in.

3 ft. 6 in.

Holstein

1,200

5 ft. in.

3 ft. 8 in.

Jersey

900

4 ft. 6 in.

3 ft. 5 in.

Shorthorn

1,400

5 ft. 4 in.

4 ft . in.

•These are dimensions commonly employed for average size cows.
Stall lengths for large cows may be increased 3 in. ; for small cows
decreased 3 in. Heifers require stalls about 3 ft. wide, 4 ft. long.

HOW TO BUILD THE FLOOR.

ROUNDED EDGES

-FOLLOW MANUFACTURER'S
INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLING
STANCH IONS

BUILD MANGER CURB FIRST

WHILE CURB HARDENS
BUILD LITTER, ALLEY

CONCRETE PLACED VERY STIFF
TROWEL FINISH
ROUNDED EDOES

l"x(p" BOARDS

REMOVE CURB FORM
AND BUILD MANGER.

4'-G"TO 5-4"

SEE TAbLE

-ROUNDED EDGE

BUILD STALL FLOOR
WHILE MANGER HARDENS

-TROWEL FINISH

r'x4~STAKvE-

^—MASTIC JOINT IT- NEXT TO TUE

REMOVE MANGER FORMS
BUILD FEED ALLEY

ROUNDED TOP

TROWEL FINISH
SLOPE riNZ5"

GROUTING FOR PIPE PARTITION -

PLACE GUTTER - GROUT
IN STALL PARTITIONS

FIG. 15. Principal steps in building the dairy barn floor.
Materials required for each 10 ft. of manger and curb are
iy<i sacks of portland cement, 1 cu. yd. of sand and 1 cu.yd.
of gravel.

Ridge roll

FIG. 16. In some sections the "walk through 9 ' type milking barn and milk house is popular. The cattle are fed and housed
in a separate shelter bam, remaining in the "walk through 9 ' stalls only long enough to be milked. This plan provides
for milking of 6 cows at a time which cares for a total herd as large as 60 cows.

"sweep-in" type of mangers and feed alleys on the
grounds that they aid in the spread of disease.

The proper housing of dairy cows is good business
because it leads to increased production. Moreover, if
the barn is intelligently planned and constructed, the
labor of feeding, milking and cleaning can be cut to a
minimum.

Individual requirements determine whether the barn
should be a 1, or a 2-story structure. Storing hay in
chopped or as green silage, makes 1-story barns

adaptable on many farms. One-story additions may also
be built on to existing barn to meet milk ordinance
requirements.

Insulation and ventilation are necessary if dairy barns
in northern areas are to be warm, healthful and reason-
ably dry in winter months. Types of well-insulated walls
are shown on page 16. Inside wall surfaces of dairy barns
should be painted with aluminized asphalt paint or
some other effective vapor seal.

Adequate ventilation is also essential. With a well-

STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF DAIRY BARN FLOORS

Placing the concrete manger curb.

Forming in place for mangers.

Forming curve with board and templets.

insulated and properly ventilated stable, cows will usu-
ally produce sufficient heat to maintain a temperature
of 45 to 50 deg. F. in winter weather. Engineers have
found that temperature control is one of the essential
factors in successful ventilation. Generally the inlet flues
should open into the building near the ceiling. Outlet

flues should extend down near the floor. When elec-
tricity is available, forced draft ventilation can be used.
Consult a ventilation specialist if in doubt about the
system to use. Barn equipment manufacturers usually
give free engineering service on problems of this
character.

I" SHEATHING 6/
FiRESAFE ROOFING

24 N O.C

•C0NC.F00TINGS\

General View

TO FIRM FOOTING
AND fcELOW FROST — '

Cros s Section

NOTE : INCREASE Oft DECREASE LENGTH
OF BARN (If DESIRED) &Y MULTIPLES
OF THREE COW STALLS OR BY ELIMINAT-
ING OR ADDING BOX STALLS.

36^0" „

v& COW OR I
M&ULL pen

FACE-OUT ARRANGEMENT- ALTERNATE PLAN~C WITH ONE STORY WING

Floor plan - A

FACE -OUT ARRANGEMENT

Alternate Pun- 5

FACE.- IN ARRANGEMENT

Dairy Barn. For details of construction ask for Plan C-2232.

[;5-4- f| 34,' 5^4' ^4^ r 5-4" () 3-4 ' p ^

Typical Gothic roof barn with concrete masonry walls up
to mow floor.

' ' /DOOR OPENING

I- " j ^^^'^ 4 - Of 1 3 -4-] 4 -o;| 3 - 4^4- 0^ 4 i -Q'' jj^j 4 -tf^^T^^^^^^

ALTERNATE PLAN - C with one STORY wing-

FACE -OUT ARRANGEMENT

2'WCHORDv
HOW FLOOR;'

DETAIL OF
END WALL BRACES
4-- REQ'D .

jgjl fe^e- | 3^j&^" JV4-|,fei6" .iy4i3u;t

ALTERNATE PLAN - &

FACE - IN ARRANGEMENT

12 L 0'

2% 6" RIDGE

H A L F S ECT ION jgg

ALTERNATE CONSTRUCTION to firm footing

Er BELOW FR0ST-

l~* 4"m 3-0" COLLAR
BEAMS 4iO H O.C

NOTE : INCREASE OR DECREASE LENGTH
OF BARN (IF DESIRED) BY MULTIPLES
OF THREE COW STALLS v OR. &Y ELIMINAT-
ING OR ADDING BOX STALLS

CURVED RAFTERS
24"O.C

2"x4" ANCHORED 7C
WALL WITH jfxt'

L TO FIRM FOOTING
& BELOW FROST LINE

CROSS SECTION

Floor Plan - A

FACE-OUT ARRANGEMENT

Dairy Barn. For details of construction ask for Plan C-2251.

AfcVWlDE FLANGE BEAM 24* PER FT.
MAX. SPAN 11-0"

CONCRETE BRIDGING BETWEEN JOISTS

A' PIPE COLUMN IO-fi"O.C.

METAL FLASHING
3 PLY ROOFING

V* STIRRUPS

DETAIL OF BEAM

4" PIPE COLUMN -
IO*-G"O.C.

FLASHING
3-PLY ROOFING.
I" ROOF SHE-ATHING

2Yfl" JOISTS IG"O.C
MAXIMUM SPAN 12M'

feMO' WOOD &E-AM
IPO" MAX, SPAN -

BUILT UP ROOFING
20YEAR BOND OR. EQUAL

^8"x6VIG" LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE BLOCK.

6" PRECAST CONC.

JOISTS - 30" O.C.
MAX. SPAN l?'-0"

>4 'RIGID INSULATION
LAID IN MASTIC
?VCONC.SLAB
TEMPORARY FORMS
4"0,D.PIPE COLUMN

@?4 LB. PER FT.
MAX. SPAN M-0"

TYPES OF INSULATED FLAT fcOOFS

One-Story Dairy Barn with either flat or gable roof. For details of construction ask for Plan C-2486 for gable roof or C-2487 for flat roof.

General Purpose Barns

The size and floor plan of the general purpose barn
depend entirely upon individual requirements. Several
alternate floor plans which meet requirements of the
majority of general farmers are shown on pages 23 to
25. Slight changes can be made to fit the plans to special
conditions.

A general purpose barn should be planned and
arranged to meet present needs and should also be
planned so that with minor changes it can be made to
meet future needs. Future changes in type of power on
the farm must be considered in planning the barn. Two
horse stalls may be converted into 3 cow stalls for
future use if desirable.

I ^P" 4.3-4 : , r r y-*;, „ 3M; 5^4- , S-4-f.Qf

Alter kiat 6 Plan"LV

Alternate Plan "C

DetmlOf End Wall E>races

2x8; BLOCK ED TO RAFTERS
l z \ fc'bOLTS

Half Section

Alternate Construction to ^ MFOOT!NG

& BELOW FROST. — 1

. NOTE-TOP OF MASONRY OPENING
*~ FOR DOOR AND WINDOWS TO
BE Ti-fe-'C M-BLOCK CO U RSE S ) ABOVE
TOP OF FLOOR OR FOUNDATION.

NOTE : INCREASE BARN LENGTH
(IF DESIRED) 6Y 4 FT.,8 FT-, nFT. ETC
TO MAINTAIN CONVENIENT SPACING
OF DOORS &■ WINDOWS

Section A-A

TO FIRM FOOTING AND
&E LOW FROST LINE-

•p a y==

J-U j 1016- , | . io-fe- . r r A

Tfe-riT 6 UTTER

ALLEY

Floor Plan

General Purpose Barn. For details of construction ask for Plan C-2215.

, 40-0'

Alternate Pun

Alternate Plan-"c*

Alternate Plan^D 1

DESIGNED FOR UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
OF 100 LB. PER SQ.FT.* LONG HAY 20 FT. DEEP

KURVED RAFTERS

PRECAST CONCRETE
BRIDGING .

-TO FIRM FOOTING
6ML0W FROST

NOTE : TOP OF MASONRY OPENINGS
FOR DOORS £/ WINDOWS TO &E T8"
(H-BLOCK COURSES) A&OVf TOP OF
FLOOR OR FOUNDATION

Cfcoss Section

Floor. Plan - "A*

General Purpose Barn. For details of construction ask for Plan C-2216. ,

THIS STRIP OF
CONC.SLAB IS
CAST AFTER
RAFTERS ARE IN
PLACE & BOLTED,

8" PRECAST
CONC JOISTS
24" O-C

18 BOLT- NUT £» WASHER
ANCHORED IN CONC.SLA&
FOR FASTENING RAFTER
SPACED 24-O.C

- Detail -

Method Of Anchoring Curved Rafter
Construction To Precast Concrete Joist
Mow Floor*

MADE FROM PIECE OF
2"xlO"- 4--CT LON&-

Plan - Method Of Laying Out
Curved Rafters

Detail Of Lookout
Curved Rafter. Notes

1 - IF POSSIBLE CURVED RAFTERS5H0ULD
BE OFCOMMERICAL MANUFACTURE.

2- JOB BUILT CURVED RAFTERS ARE

made of co plies of i*s"n0.1grade
Douglas fir or yellow pine bent
as shown. use water resistant
casein glue between plies.

FASTEN EACH PLYTO PRECEDING ONf
WITH NAILS STAGGERED AND SPACED
AT NOT MORE THAN & H 0,C. USING
4-d COM.NAILSFOR 2ND. PLY
fc-d COM. NAILS FOR 3RD. PLY
8-d COM. NAILS FOR. 4TH. AND
SUCCESSIVE PLIES.
WEDGES HOLD RAFTE R PLJES IN PLACE
DURING ASSEMBLY, STAGGER SPLICES
4 FT BUILD R AFTER QUICKLY AS
CASEIN GLUE SETS IW ABOUT 20MJN.

3- BOLT AND ANCHOR RAFTER ASSHOWN
WIND-RESIST-

TO ASSURE STRONG V

ANT CONSTRUCTION.

Alternate plan

Plan

General Purpose Barn, For details of construction ask for Plan C-2213.

Dairymen build a variety of concrete milk houses to meet individual preferences. The center house is completely firesafe, built with a
precast joist concrete roof.

Sanitary Milk Houses and Insulated Cooling Tanks

Sanitary Milk Houses

To assure production of clean, high quality milk,,
local and state health departments usually require a
separate milk house used
only for the handling of
milk and milk utensils.
Milk house plans illus-
trated here meet require-
ments of modern milk
ordinances, including those
of the U. S. Public Health
Service Milk Ordinance
and Code. Before going
ahead with construction, it
is always advisable to have
the plans approved by
local health authorities.

Principal Milk House
Requirements. The milk
house should be located
close to the dairy barn to
save labor. Principal re-
quirements found in mod-
ern milk ordinances are:

1. The milk house shall
be provided with a
smooth, tight floor of
concrete or other im-
pervious material
sloped in. in 1 ft.
toward floor drains.
The floor should be
built to form a round-
ed joint or cove at the
junction of floors and
walls to eliminate cor-
ners and angles which
collect dirt.

2. Milk house walls and
ceilings shall be of
such construction as

to permit easy cleaning. Walls of cast-in-place con-
crete, concrete block or tile and portland cement
plaster are satisfactory when finished smooth.

General View

ALTERNATE PUN

CMLM PRODUCTION OK
MILK. TO CONDENSER*
OP,CUUS[ FtCIORv

2"x4"x6"-10' RAFTERS 24"GC
CEILING TO BE SEALED WITH
PORT AND CEMENT PLASTER
ON METAL LATH
LUMBER OR INSUL-
ATION BD

PAINTED

I'ROOr SHEATHING
FIRESAFE ROOFING

4 ' 8>"

I *'»' I '

CAN KKQK

CONCRETE FLOOR TO SLOPE
VPER FT. TOWARD DRAIN
TROWEL SMOOTH.

TO DRAIN OR STOCK TANK—

Slctiqn M

concre te platform s',6,'
Plan

One-Room Milk House. For construction details ask for Plan C-2154.

3. The milk house shall be properly lighted and
ventilated. Satisfactory compliance with most or-
dinances is provided by window area of not less
than 10 per cent of the floor area. One 2 5- watt
electric light per 100 sq.ft. of floor area is also
often required.

Ventilation is obtained by installing windows of
the tilt-in type together with either a small roof
ventilator or ventilator louvers in the gable end
wall.

4. The milk house shall be effectively screened. Win-
dows, doors, ventilators and all other openings are
covered with 16-mesh screening to prevent en-
trance of flies.

5. The milk house shall be used for no other purpose
than handling of milk and milk utensils, and it
shall not open directly into a stable or into any
room used for human sleeping quarters or other
domestic purpose.

6. The milk house shall be provided with facilities
for heating water and cleaning milk utensils.

Table IX — Suggested Floor Space of Milk Houses
— Raw Milk to Plant for Bottling*

Milk output,
gal.

Existing
milk houses, ft.

Future
milk houses, ft.

Up to 20
20 to 50
50 to 100
Over 100

lOx 8
10x10
10x12
10x14

12x10
12x12
12x14
12x16

♦Suggested in TJ. S. Public Health Service Milk Ordinance and
Code.

The 1-Room Milk House -Raw Milk to Plant for
Bottling. One floor plan of the 12xl4-ft. 1-room milk
house shown in plan C-2140 is designed for dairies pro-
ducing raw milk which is sent to a plant for bottling

and retailing. The house meets code requirements for a
daily output of from 50 to 100 gal. of milk. Tank may be
increased to 8 or 10 ft. for 8 and 10 cans respectively. If
4-can size is sufficient, reduce the length of house and
tank 2 ft. Sometimes local regulations require different
dimensions of the milk house but the arrangement of
doors, windows, equipment, etc., shown should usually be
retained. Suggested floor space of milk houses in the
U. S. Public Health Service Milk Ordinance and Code
is given in Table IX.

1 -Room Milk House — Raw Milk to Condensery,
Cheese Factory or Creamery. Where milk is sent to
condensery or cheese factory or separated for cream
production, the milk house need not meet usual milk
ordinance requirements, and is generally of somewhat
smaller size. The "alternate plan" for a 1-room milk
house 8x10 ft. shown in Plan C-2154 meets the usual
requirements. If raw milk may in the future be sold to
plants for bottling, however, it is advisable to build a
10xl2-ft. or larger house and have the plans approved
by the local milk inspector.

Two-Room Milk House. For construction details ask for
Plan C-2141.

2-Room Milk House. The 2-room milk house shown
in Plan C-2141 is required in some milk sheds for pro-
ducers selling raw milk to plants bottling Grade A and
Grade B milk. The 12xl4-ft. house shown accommo-
dates an insulated concrete cooling tank holding four
10-gal. cans. For dairies of larger capacity, the lengths
of the cooling tank and milk room are increased 2 ft.

CONCRETE LOADING AMD UNLOADING DRIVE

Plan

Cross S ection

Small Retail Dairy. For construction details ask for Plan C-2142.

for each additional 2 cans of milt to be cooled.

The principal feature of this house is the complete
separation of the storage of milk and clean milk utensils
from the washing and bactericidal treatment of equip-
ment. Features of this house are shown in the details.

Small Retail Dairy and Larger Milk Houses. Plan
No. C-2142 shows a milk house plan for a 2-room retail
dairy producing and bottling up to 50 gal. of milk per
day. Outside dimensions are 13 ft. 4 in. by 20 ft. 8 in.
Suggested floor space of milk houses for dairies which
bottle milk on the premises is given in Table X. These
dimensions are in accord with the U. S. Public Health
Service Milk Ordinance and Code.

Plan C-2143 shows a 3-room milk house which meets
the needs of dairies producing and bottling up to 50 gal.
of milk daily, and which provides boiler and fuel space
in a room at one end of the building. Outside dimensions
are 12 ft. 8 in. by 28 ft. 8 in. This milk house also meets
the requirements of dairies producing over 100 gal. of
milk daily where raw milk is sent to plants for bottling
and retailing.

Pasteurizing Plant. Plans C-2144 for this plant meet
the requirements of the Milk Ordinance and Code of
the U. S. Public Health Service. The receiving room is
separate from all other rooms. Milk is dumped into a
vat and then piped into the pasteurizing equipment.
The pasteurizing, processing, cooling and bottling oper-
ations are conducted as a group in a single room and a
separate room is provided for washing and treatment
of containers. A cooler is provided between the dump
vat and pasteurizer to meet code requirements when
milk is not pasteurized within 2 hours after receipt.
The built-in refrigerator, locker room, boiler room and
loading or unloading room in addition, make a very
complete plant.

Table X — Suggested Floor Space of Milk Houses
Where Milk Is Bottled by Producer*

Milk output.

Existing

Future

gal.

milk houses, ft.

Up to 20

12x14

12x18

20 to 50

12x16

12x20

50 to 100

12x18

12x22

Over 100

12x20

12x24

^Suggested in U. S. Public Health Service Milk Ordinance and
Code.

The insulated concrete cooling tank is economical to build
and helps cool milk efficiently.

VENTILATOR •

FIRE SAFE ROOFING h
I" ROOF SHEATHIMG-
2'W" BRACES 24"O.C
1?

iwtrim 5

2',4'RlDGt-
:'x4"» 8-0" RAFTERS
14"O.C

.2"*4\l4-O"C0IUNG
ISTS 24-O.C

"-PRECAST CONC
LINTELS (2-|"
ROUND BARS IF
OPENING IS
WIDER THAN 3'4")

LTO FIRM FOOTING* &
6E LOW FROST. „

Cross Section

FlRESAFE ROOFING AND
I" BOARD SHEATHING

VENTILATOR LENGTH TO BE SPACE
BETWEEN 2- RAFTERS O ft, Z4"

ALTERNATE VENTILATOR DETAIL

General View

28 L 8"

DRIVEWAY FOR LOADING AMD UNLOADING
• TO 6 ARM

Plan

Three-Room Milk House. For construction details ask for Plan C-2143.

GENERAL Vie'W

VENTILATOR
I'ROOF SHEATHING &
FIRE SAFE ROOFING

I'xfc-RIDGE
l\QT* lfc'*0" RAFTERS 74"0.C
2"x G\ l"-0" BRACES, EACH RAFTER
-2"x4"x 4-G" STRUTS, EACH RAFTER

2WTIE 24'O.C.
s-r-s^'TRlM

2"*G" PLATE
i"*l8" BOLTS
5'-0"O.C

Cross section

Pasteurizing Plant. For construction details ask for Plan C-2144.

NOTE:

PROVIDE TkNKOPfcNlNGS
FOR INLET AND COOLING
P/PES AS NEEDED

USE TAR PAPER
AGAINST WALL

T'jkIO" planks

TANK COVERS ARE MADE OF
2- LAYERS OF I" BOARDS
WITH LAYER OF TAR
PAPER BETWEEN-i

U- I"x6 u HANGERS -

VAPORPROOFED INSULATION — 1

FIG. 17. Principal parts of insulated concrete cooling tank.

Insulated Milk Cooling Tank

When to Build the Insulated Tank. Where milk regu-
lations specify that milk be cooled rapidly to 50 deg. F.
or lower, ice or mechanical refrigeration is usually
required. An insulated tank is employed for economy
in cooling.

Size of tank depends upon the number of cans of
milk to be cooled. See Table XL For efficient cooling,
tanks are designed to hold about 3 gal. of water for
each gallon of milk. Labor in handling cans is reduced
by placing the tank partly below floor level, as shown
in Fig. 17.

With a plentiful supply of cold water, tanks without
insulation may be built where regulations do not require
milk to be cooled below 60 deg. F. or where milk or
cream is sold to condenseries, cheese factories or cream-
eries. The uninsulated tank is usually built about 2 ft.
wide, 27 in. deep with 4-in. thick concrete walls. How-
ever, if it is probable that an insulated tajik may be
required later, the cooling tank should be built large
enough so that it may readily be converted into an
insulated tank.

Table XI — Dimensions of Insulated Milk
Cooling Tanks*

Tanks are 36 in. wide, 27 in. deep inside — see Figs. 17 and 18.

Number of 10-gal.
cans tank holds

Inside length
A

Outside length
B

4 ft. in.

5 ft. 8 in.

6 ft. in.

7 ft. 8 in.

8 ft. in.

9 ft. 8 in.

10 ft. in.

11 ft. 8 in.

12 ft. in.

13 ft. 8 in.

*For details of insulated tank construction and additional in-
formation on milk houses request circulars How to Build Sanitary
Milk Houses, Insulated Cooling Tanks, Concrete Dairy Barn
Floors, free on request in U. S. and Canada.

^["SHEATHING OR
%" PLYWOOD

FORM DETAILS

FORM INTENDED FOR,
MANY REUSES

FIG* 18. Method of forming the insulated concrete tank.

FIG. 19. Detail of corner of in-
side forms intended for many
reuses.

In building an uninsulated tank, it is good practice to
leave a space about 6 in. wide between tank and milk
house wall. This space can then be filled with cinders
and sealed with concrete at top.

Table XII — Materials Required for Insulated
Concrete Tanks*

Built according to design in Fig. 17

Kind of material

Unit

Amount of materials needed for
each size of tank

4 -can

6-can

8-can

10-can

12-can

Sand

cu.yd.

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.7

Gravel — J^-in.max.

cu.yd.

1.0

1.3

1.5

1.8

2.1

Cement

sacks

3-in. vaporproofed

insulation

sq.ft.

110

128

146

Tar paper- — cover.
1x6*8 — cover

sq.ft.

lin.ft.

114

138

166

194

2x10*8

Hn.ft.

2x6's

lin.ft.

*Add miscellaneous material such as lumber for forms, tar paper,
hinges, pipe fittings, nails, etc.

1 I

The well-insulated all -concrete poultry house provides ideal conditions for the flock and has the added advantages of firesafety and vir-
tually no upkeep expense. For complete plans and construction details of this type laying house, see Plan No. C-2036.

Poultry Houses

Successful poultrymen agree that a good laying house
is more important than any other single factor in obtain-
ing high egg production in winter months. And because
winter eggs command higher prices, the poultryman is
rapidly repaid for providing a comfortable house.

To keep the flock vigorous, healthy and active
throughout the winter months the house must be warm,
dry, well-lighted and properly ventilated. Thousands of
successful poultrymen have built with concrete as the
most practical means of meeting these requirements.

General View

C-2035-A

✓ S'CONCRETE MASONRY WALL

r„. *f ■ I-;-.- 'i :-.'--*r.-.-; ■ -.->■ iv.-- 1 ,*.--!

^Z"* 2" ROOSTS

16 -NESTS 12" SQUARE V"4'» 4" POST

^2-2"x&"PERLlN

feO TO 9Q HENS

8 l O" FEED HOPPER

BATTEN D00R<

•!.-.' It— i

Z'-BT

^2-feLT. SilO'GL
2^6" 1 2-0'

2^0"

k-fc LT. BV

2i&"

I0"GL.

fc-O''

Plan

General View

C-2035-C

LAVER OF *5* ASPHALT ROLL ROOFING
JOINTS LAPPED AND CEMENTED

■S'TOPCOURSE.COMC.

IVbASECOURSEXOK.

6*6 RAVEL OR

yAmv7^wA\m\TOwm\mTO crushed stone fill

Alternate Floor. Construction

2'*fc* PLATE
I'x&'&OARD

-FlRISAFE ROOFING, fir TROOF SHE.ATHING
-2'W* 16-0' RAFTERS 2V0.C.

• INSULATION BOARD

V*10"&0LTS &'-0*O-t.
TILL CORE WITH CONt.
WHERE BOLTS OCCUR .

4 I'aB'BOARD

-8" CONC. MASONRY
WALL

-TO FIRM FOOTING 6"
BELOW FROST

Cross Section

Poultry Brooder or Laying House. For construction details ask for Plan C-2035 A, B or C.

g- 3" TOP COURSE O F CONCRETE

fc" GRAVEL OR
CRUSHED ROCK FILL

, s LAYC-R OF 3S - ASPHALT ROLL
/ ROOFING. JOINTS LAPPED
AND CEMENTED
s IV BASE COURSE OF
CONCRETE-

Alternate Floor Construction

f ft" CONCRETE MASONRY WALL

ROOSTS-^||[|

•30 WESTS
\V SQUARE

FEED &IN-

POST —
(OO TO ISO HENS
U« LIGHTS

TIO" FEED HOPPERS

30 NESTS ll'SQUm

FEED BIN-

4'CONC. MASONRY
~( PARTITION

10O TO 150 HENS

H 1

□ I L Q" fEED~||HOPPE-R.S
WATtR.

■'LAN r-OR 20' x 20'HOUSf- USD- RIGHT HAND
SECTIOW AND REPLACE 4 IN. PARTITION
WALL WITH 6 IN; EXTERIOR WALL ■

Concrete Masonry Poultry House. Ask for Plan C-2036 A, B or C.

The modern concrete house makes it easy to maintain
desirable, even temperatures either in winter or summer,
thus helping to maintain high egg production through-
out the year.

Other advantages of the concrete poultry house are:
Smooth concrete surfaces are easily cleaned and kept
clean and provide no crevices to harbor lice, mites or
other poultry parasites; rats, weasels and other animals
are kept out. Because concrete lasts indefinitely, a well-
built concrete poultry house costs practically nothing
for repairs and upkeep. Moreover, a concrete house is
economical to build and is highly firesafe.

Planning the Poultry House

The plans in this booklet are designed to meet the
requirements of modern poultry housing and to be in
agreement with the more popular houses recommended
by leading agricultural colleges and other poultry au-
thorities. Careful planning makes these houses efficient,
yet economical and of simple construction. It will pay
the poultryman to study these designs carefully before
building a new house.

Size of poultry house required depends mostly upon
size of flock to be housed. In figuring floor area needed
it is common practice to allow approximately to
3J/£ sq.ft. of floor per bird. About 3 to V/i sq.ft. per bird
may be required for heavy general purpose breeds,
whereas leghorns ordinarily require about 2J^ to 3 sq.ft.
per bird. Floor space per bird should, however, be
increased somewhat for small flocks and for flocks which
are confined at all times.

Table XIII — Size of Poultry House to Build*

Number of

Dimensions

mature birds

of house,

in flock

ft.

60-90

16x16

100-150

20x20

200-300

20x40

300-475

20x70

900-1 ,200

32x48 two-story

1 ,500-2.000

32x96 two-story

*I louse sizes are based on the generally accepted standard of
approximately 2 to 3j/£ sq.ft. of floor per bird.

Common sizes of laying houses are shown in Table XIII.
A house 16 ft. square accommodates 60 to 90 hens. See
Plan C-2035. Length of house may be extended to
accommodate up to about 180 birds, but it is usually
more satisfactory and economical to build a wider
house if more than 100 hens are kept. The 16-ft. wide
house is also well-adapted to use as a permanent and
stationary brooder house.

For flocks of 100 to 600 hens the 20-ft. wide house
is usually most satisfactory. See Plan C-2036. Each 20-ft.
square pen accommodates 100 to 150 hens. Where 3,
4 or more 20-ft. sections are required, it is best to include
a combination feed room and work room near the center
of the house.

Poultrymen keeping more than 1,000 hens often pre-
fer the 2-story laying house. See Plan C-2037. Firesafe
concrete construction is advantageous where a large
flock and valuable equipment and feed are housed in a
single structure.

Width of house should be a minimum of 16 ft. for
very small flocks; 20 ft. for larger flocks. In the northern
half of the United States, narrow houses tend to be too
cold in winter and are more difficult to ventilate properly.

Height of poultry house ceiling in the northern states
should also be low since usually the only source of heat
in the house is the body heat of the poultry. For con-
venient operation, however, it is common practice to
allow full headroom for the operator in all parts of the
house, particularly where the house is well-insulated.

Location of house is usually near the family dwell-
ing to permit convenient care of the flock. The poultry
house should be located on high, well-drained ground to

Brooder House. For construction details ask for Plan C-2038.

provide most healthful conditions for the flock. Best
practice is to face the house south for maximum sun-
light.

Lighting is also an important consideration. Practi-
cal window sizes are shown in the plans for each size of
house. Sometimes it may be desirable to substitute
muslin-covered frames for a part of the window open-
ing. Windows shown open in such a way as to admit
direct sunlight and an abundance of fresh air when
desired. To provide light under the roostp, 2-light or
3-light cellar sash are often installed in rear walls of the
house. In northernmost states, however, these windows
should be omitted to help make a warmer house. Win-
dow openings in warm climates are often merely
screened with 3^-in. mesh poultry netting.

A straw-loft house is popular with many poultry men.

Shape of Roof

The shed roof is most economical to build and is,
perhaps, most popular with poultrymen. However, the
gable roof with a straw loft is also widely used. Advan-
tages claimed for the straw loft are that it protects the
poultry from extremes of temperature and from drafts,
and helps keep the house warm and dry in winter. The
modern flat roof is becoming popular for well-insulated
firesafe concrete construction.

Miscellaneous

Electric wiring should be installed where possible to
permit use of artificial light. Nests are usually built 12
to 14 in. square and 1 nest is required for about 5 hens.
Roosts are usually built of 2x2 or 2x3-in. material,
spaced about 14 in. apart and set on 2x4-in. supports
as shown in the plans. Feed hoppers of modern type
are usually built well up off the floor, and from 15 in.
to 2 ft. wide. About 10 to 12 ft. of hopper length is
required for each 100 birds. Running water should also
be installed when available.

Heating and Air Conditioning

In the Small Poultry House. Since proper housing is
such an important factor in high egg production, mod-
ern poultry houses are built to conserve heat in winter
and maintain more nearly uniform temperatures as well
as to supply an abundance of fresh air without drafts.
These conditions are secured by building well-insulated
walls and roofs, and by installing a ventilating system.
Insulation is important in the small poultry house since
the only heat ordinarily available is that supplied by
the body heat of the poultry. Then, too, well-insulated
walls and roof are essential to the satisfactory operation
of the ventilating system. Where stove heat is supplied
during cold weather, the concrete house is especially
advantageous because of its firesafety.

In addition to supplying fresh air without objection-
able drafts, a good ventilating system also removes
foul, moist air in winter, thus helping to insure a warm,
dry house.

In the Large Poultry House. Poultrymen who keep
several thousand hens often install a complete heating
system in the laying house to maintain temperatures of

about 50 deg. F. during cold weather. Some large oper-
ators have gone further, installing a complete air con-
ditioning system to help step up egg production.

For economical heating and for satisfactory operation
of the ventilating system, it is important to provide
well-insulated walls and roof as explained above for the
small poultry house.

Concrete Brooder Houses and Sun Porches

A stationary concrete brooder house and sanitary sun
porch, as shown in Plan C-2038, provide a maximum
of comfort for chicks. The chicks can be confined to a
thoroughly clean and disinfected sun porch of smooth
concrete. The concrete sun porch should slope about
6 in. for 10 or 12 ft. of width for convenient cleaning
and flushing of the surface.

A brooder house 10x12 ft., accommodates about 250
chicks. A larger house, as shown in Plan C-2035, may
be built to have a capacity of 500 to 1,000 or more
chicks and this house may readily be converted to a
laying house later if desired. Experience shows that
firesafe concrete construction is particularly advan-
tageous in the brooder house as a safeguard against the
fire hazard created by the brooder stove.

For additional information on poultry housing, re-
quest Portland Cement Association booklet Improved
Poultry Housing with Concrete*.

♦Furnished free in U. S. and Canada.

Concrete and stone construction makes use of native materials.

This modern hog house is not only adequately lighted and well ventilated, but because it is of concrete construction it has virtually no
repair expense and is easy to keep clean. Note the concrete porch and walks.

Hog Houses

Modern methods of pork production favor the cen-
tral farrowing house. The principal advantages of the
central house are convenience, efficiency and sanitation.
More pigs are saved in the well-managed central house
than with other systems because the central house pro-
vides dry, warm quarters and can be kept free from
parasites.

The confinement method of raising hogs on concrete
from birth until ready for market is a great advance-
ment in the production of pork. Although strict sanita-
tion is necessary for the success of this method, con-
crete farrowing houses and feeding floors make it very
easy to meet the high degree of sanitation necessary*.

Early farrowing is possible with a well-insulated cen-
tral house. Four types of well-insulated concrete walls
are shown on page 16.

The flat roof construction shown is favored by some
because it provides full headroom in all parts of the
house. It is easily ventilated and has no large amount
of waste space.

Planning the Hog Douse

Size and Shape of House. The size of house required
depends upon the number of sows kept and upon pen
size and width of alley desired. Where only 4 or 5 sows
or less are kept, the single row house shown in Plan
C-2170 is economical and convenient. Many livestock
farmers require larger accommodations and build the

♦Information on the confinement method will be furnished free
in U. S. and Canada on request to Portland Cement Association.

double row farrowing house. See Plan C-2/69.

Location. For convenience and efficiency the hog
house should be located near feed supplies and faced
south if outside pens and feeding floor are provided
only on one side of the house. Where outside pens are
desired on two sides, one side of the house is made to
face east, the other west. The house should be placed
so that prevailing winds carry odors away from the
farmstead.

Pen Size. Pens 6 ft. wide by 8 ft. long are commonly
used where small sows are kept. For medium size to
large sows, pens about 7x8 ft. are more satisfactory.

Large litters of healthy little pigs are easier to obtain in
a well-built central house where careful attention can be
given to sanitation.

Basic Plan- showing 8 pens

ADD ADDITIONAL PtK& IF DESiftSD

Double Row Farrowing House. Ask for Plan C-2169 A, B or C.

Light. It is common practice to use 4 to 7 sq.ft. of
glass area per sow. In the northern half of the United
States where it is important to conserve heat at early
spring farrowings, it is best to have not more than
4 sq.ft. of window glass area per sow.

Heal and Ventilation. Cold, damp houses at farrow-
ing time are responsible for heavy losses of young pigs
from pneumonia and colds. For best results the foul,
moist air must be removed by ventilation. Heat is
often supplied for a few weeks at farrowing time. Pigs

seem to do best with temperatures around 65 deg. F.
A small stove located in the central alley or in the
corner of the feed room provides needed extra heat.
Stove heat does not endanger the central house when
built of concrete.

Modern ventilating equipment makes it possible to
secure effective, low-cost ventilation providing the
building is well-insulated.

Fresh air intakes, whether for natural draft or
mechanical ventilating systems, should be located as

A central hog house is a big convenience and saves labor at farrowing time. Concrete masonry walls assure warm, dry, comfortable
quarters for early spring litters.

Good examples of the modern gable roof and gambrel roof hog houses. Houses like these in the northern half of the United States
should have insulated ceilings about 7 ft. 6 in. above the floor to provide a warm house for early spring farrowings.

shown in Plan C-2169. Manufactured intakes prevent
back-draft. With natural draft ventilation, 1 outtake
flue, 24 in. square inside, located as shown, is required
for each 4 sows. This arrangement provides about 144
sq.in. of flue area per sow, which is somewhat greater
than required to meet average conditions. The sliding
damper is convenient in adjusting the flue area. The
20 -in. square door near the roof is opened to remove
warm air in summer. With mechanical ventilation the
average hog house has only 1 or 2 outtakes directly
through the side wall, usually equipped with electric
fans controlled by thermostats.

Feed Room Requirements. To reduce labor costs, a
feed room is often built in the farrowing house as

John H. Hendriks, Muscatine County,
Iowa, finds it especially profitable to
confine his pigs on concrete the entire
time from farrowing until ready for
market.

shown in the plans. Self-feeders of large capacity may
also be built into the side of the feed room, providing
access by the hogs from the paved lot as shown in the
layout of the Confinement System, Fig. 20. Those
specializing in low-cost pork production make the hogs
practically feed themselves by using the self-feeder and
and automatic waterer.

Miscellaneous. There are several other important
considerations in planning the central farrowing house:
Width of central alley may vary from 4 to 8 ft. Many
find a width of about 5 ft. most convenient. Where it
is planned to drive through the central alley, a width
of 8 ft. is required. Ceiling height of 7 to 8 ft. is gen-
erally considered most desirable. Higher ceilings make
cold houses in the northern half of the United States.
In the South, higher ceilings are desirable, however, to
help maintain a cooler house during hot weather.
Doors and Gates. Main doors from outside to the cen-
tral alley should be a minimum of 2 ft. 8 in. wide by
6 ft. 8 in. high. Gates from pen to feed alley should
be 2 ft. 4 in. to 2 ft. 8 in. wide by about 3 ft. in.
high. Partitions are commonly about 3 ft. high. Hog
doors from pens to outside paved lots or runways are
customarily 2 ft. wide by 2 ft. 8 in. high. Where very
large sows are kept, however, these doors should be
built 3 ft. 4 in. high. Troughs of cast-in-place concrete
are desirable since they cannot be moved or overturned
and eliminate the nuisance of leaky troughs requiring

3 PENS

FEED HsOOM
kj FEEDERS—

5 PENS

CON CM AN U RE PIT

ir-cr

CONCRETE PAVED LOT

HOOK SLOP

TO DF.A1 N

KOOF OVER.
THIS HALF

s riN d*0 M

l| TILE DRMN TO
SUMP-v || SUITABLE OUTLET

PIG. 20. Typical layout for Confinement System.

frequent repairs. Guard rails or fenders protect little
pigs from being crushed by the sow. Standard dimen-
sions and method of construction are shown in the
plans. For further details on hog houses and equipment,
ask for booklet Modern Hog Farm Improvements*.

The Single Row Farrowing Douse

The single row house Plan C-2170 is economical and
convenient where not more than 4 or 5 sows are kept.
Maximum warmth and sunlight for early farrowings
are provided by having the house face south. The plan
shows construction details for a firesafe, all-concrete
house.

♦Free in U. S. and Canada on request to Portland Cement
Association.

The Double Row Farrowing House

Where 6 to 12 sows or more are kept the double row
farrowing house Plan C-2169 is standard construction.
This house is usually located with the long way north-
south so that pens on the east side receive the morning
sun, those on the west the afternoon sun. Sometimes
the house is placed east- west with outside pens only
on the south side. In the Confinement System the
long way runs north-south with the paved lot at the
south end of the house making a sunny, sheltered place
for young pigs.

To keep the house warm in winter and cool in sum-
mer, well-insulated construction is shown for both roof
and walls. Interior pen partitions facing the feed alley
are of concrete masonry with a convenient opening
through the wall to the concrete trough.

Cattle Shed

The concrete masonry cattle shed illustrated by Plan
C-1367 is ideal for sheltering stock from the sun in
summer and storms in winter. By using movable racks
and bunks it may be used as a feeding shed. The con-

crete floor makes excellent footing for the cattle and is
a big help in cleaning. A shed 100 ft. long accommodates
100 steers where they are unconflned or 50 steers if
confined to the shed.

2x6" RAFTERS 240.

lie 6"

PLATE

2-2x10 &EAMS
BLOCKED APART
WITH 2W6L0CKS
3iO"0.C

FOOTING 24"
SQUARE- &
irTWCK-

2- 5* 20 ANCHOR
60LTS PER POST

10*10

CONCRETE POST.

Detail of E>eam and Post

2x6*11*0 RAFTERS
14* O.C

-Ix8"x fc l O"-+ L O"0.C.
-f ROOF SHEATHING &
FIRESAFC- ROOFING

GRADE}

Section a-a

G ENERAL VIEW

ao*p\

8 x & x 16" CONCRETE 5 LOCK

I I i

I 1 I 1^2"* 6" TIES t

i i i rr . 25
III till

J, I0 ? i lO'.CONC POSTS

tl'-Q" J. i* l o

12*0"

Plan

12*0

r CORNERP05T
VtO BE .12x12"

2Q~Q"

Cattle Shed. Ask for Plan C-1367.

Concrete Grain Storages for the Farm

Filling door

Concrete grain bins provide ideal storage conditions:
they are dry, ratproof and safe against fire. Wind-
storms, destructive to less substantial storages, do not
damage concrete structures. The natural advantages of
concrete in grain storage construction are recognized
in the fact that practically every large grain elevator
in the country is built of concrete.

Concrete grain storage structures may have circular
or square bins, either as individual units or in batteries
of several bins to accommodate different kinds and
grades of grain. The combination corncrib and granary
of concrete is also popular in many states.

Circular Bins

Circular grain bins may be built of either solid, cast-
in-place concrete or of concrete staves. The circular
type of storage is usually the more economical to build.
Table XIV shows the horizontal reinforcement required
for solid cast-in-place concrete bins. Vertical reinforce-
ment consists of %-in. round bars placed 12 in. center
to center. The reinforcement is placed in the center of
the wall. Additional reinforcement is required around
doorways or other large openings, consisting of two
Y%Axv. round bars parallel to the sides, top and bottom
of the opening and hooked bars placed diagonally

FIG. 22. Indi-
vidual grain
bins of circu-
lar concrete
construction
are often built
near the feed
lot to provide
most efficient
storage of feed
grains. Bins
maybe built of
solid cast-in-
place concrete
or concrete
staves.

~E$ee Table W
for remforcemenL

—I

a ,Concrefe\
floor

W Cinders
or gravel

HALF ELEVATION HALF SECTION

SECTION

FIG. 21. Where storage requirements are moderately large,
two or more bins are usually constructed. A built-in eleva-
tor is used to load and unload the grain.

Table XIV — Horizontal Reinforcement for Circular Grain Bins*

Distance
from top
of bin, ft.

0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
4Q-45
45-50

Diameter of bin

12 ft.

Size

% in. round
% in. round
% in. round
% in. round
' ' in. round
in. round
in. round
in. round
in. round
in. round

Spacing
on centers

24 in.
24 in.
18 in.
16 in.
14 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.
12 in.

16 ft.

Size

Kin.
% in .
^in.
H in.
Hin.
H in.
Vs in.
H in.
% in.
% in.

round
round
round
round
round
round
round
round
round
round

Spacing
on centers

24 in.
16 in.
12 in.
10 in .

9 in.

8 in.

Tin.

7 in.

20 ft.

Size

% in. round
Y% in. round
% /% in. round
Y% in. round
% in. round
% in. round
% in. round
Yi in. round
3^ in. round
}/2 in. round

Spacing
on centers

22 in.
12 in.
9 in.

7 in.
6 in.
6 in.
5 in.
9 in.
9 in.

8 in.

24 ft.

Size

% in. round
% in. round
Y% in. round
y% in. round
y% in. round

in. round
H in. round
}i in. round

in. round
}j in. round

Spacing
on centers

18 in.
10 in.

7 in.

6 in.

5 in.

8 in.

7 in.
7 in.

6 in.
6 in.

* Walls are to be 6 in. thick. Vertical reinforcement is *Hrin. round bars, 12 in. on centers. All reinforcement bars are round and placed
in the center of the wall.

Table XV — Size and Spacing of Hoop Reinforcing
Rods for Concrete Stave Grain Bins

All rods are %-in. round unless shown otherwise.

Table XVI — Capacity of Circular Bins, Bo.*

Diameter of bin

Distance
from top

10, 12
and
14 ft.

16 ft.

18 ft.

20 ft.

25 ft.

30 ft.

0-10 ft.
10-15 ft.

15 in.
15 in.

3und rods

-a

15 in. 3

O to

10 in. g £

15-20 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

10 in .

10 in.

10 ta.J

20-25 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

25-30 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

■a

10 in. ■§

30-35 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

7^in.

10 in.

■a

1H in. |

35-40 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

iy 2 in.

1H in.

1H in. 2

40-45 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

m in.

iy 2 in. 5

45-50 ft.

15 in.

10 in.

1% in.

in.

73^ in.

at the corners. See Fig. 23. Walls are 6 in. thick for all
bin sizes shown in Table XIV. Capacities of various
sizes of circular grain bins in bushels are shown in
Table XVI.

Concrete stave bins are reinforced by steel hoops.
The size and spacing of the hoops are governed by the
diameter and height of the bin; the grain pressures
being greater in larger bins, more hoops are required.
Table XV shows reinforcement needed.

Well-built, solid, cast-in-place concrete walls are im-
pervious to moisture. It is common practice to apply a
Portland cement wash to the outside surfaces of grain
bins made of concrete staves. This coating fills the
joints and seals the surface against moisture pene-
tration.

There are several common types of circular grain
bins. Fig. 22 shows an individual bin. This is a simple
type of storage and can be filled by a small portable
elevator or by hand shoveling if the amount of grain

Depth
of bin, ft.

Diameter of bin

12 ft.

16 ft.

20 ft.

24 ft.

900

1,610

2,510

3,620

1,360

2,410

3,770

5,430

1,810

3,220

5,020

7,230

2,260

4,020

6,280

9,040

2,710

4,820

7,530

10,850

3,160

5,620

8,780

12,650

3,620

6,430

10,050

14,470

4,070

7,230

11,290

16,260

4,520

8,040

12,560

18,090

*Capacities computed to the nearest 10 bu., assuming 1.25 cu.ft.
per bu.

to be stored is not large.

Where several bins are required to store larger
amounts of grain or different kinds and qualities of
grain, it may be more economical to build a storage
of the type shown in Fig. 21.

FIG. 23. Additional reinforcing bars are required around
doorways and other openings to strengthen the structure
and minimize danger of cracking.

^"Reinforced
concrete walls^

5 "Concrete floor

mvwteiw a.

A tO* Cinders or**
T 9ravel ^

SECTION A- A

27-0"

\ 8 L 0'

4" #8 m 4"

' 8*0"

\ 400 Bu. Bin

^Driveway or for
cleaning and
emergency -
storage

Doorsy

400 B u Bin

VJB
?s

400 Bu. Bin

400 Bu. Bin
i

PLAN

U A

FIG. 24. To provide safe and efficient storage on many Livestock and dairy farms, smaller granaries of square bins may be
most practical. Bin sizes for various storage requirements are shown in Table XVIII.

Square Bins

Square concrete grain bins are often built for the
smaller grain storages and where circular forms are not
readily available. For bins of large capacity, however,
it is usually more economical to construct circular bins.

The horizontal steel reinforcement required for square
bins is shown in Table XVII. This table also shows the
thickness of wall required for bins of different sizes and
indicates just how far the reinforcement should be
placed from the outside face of the wall. Vertical rein-
forcement consists of %-in. round rods placed 12 in.
center to center and to which the horizontal rods are
wired. The manner of placing the horizontal reinforcing
bars is indicated in Fig. 25. It will be noted that, where

FIG. 25. Rein-
forcing bars for
square bins
should be care-
fully placed as
indicated here
and in Table
XVII.

^Horizontal bars are lapped 24"at
splices . Splices to be made only
a I points half way between the
corner and center of the wall

Vertical reinforcement is j -in. round
bars placed 12- in. on centers

Distance from outside face o f wait to
center line of reinforcement shown
in TABU jm

Size and spacing of horizontal bars
shown in TABLE XM- Also wail
thickness.

38-0*

. .

Doors '

/?- "

1" 9*8"

V I2'0"

1380 Bu. Bin.

1380 Bu.Bin

i \

1360 3a. Sin.

Driveway

1380 Bu Bin

and

>*-

Emergency

«o

Storage

C ^

1380 Bu. Bin

■ "~ drain doors

Sliding doors-/

PLAN

Ventilators

Hatches for
filling bins

-yl " Rein forced
* concrete waits-

Grade *

Xtn"

^"Concrete floor

10" Cinders or gravel "

36-0"

SECTION A- A

FIG. 26. Larger grain and livestock farms may require storages of this type. Where large quantities of grain must be stored, it is often
more practical and economical to build circular concrete bins*

Table XVII — Horizontal Reinforcement and Wall Thickness Required for Square Bins*

Distance from
top of bin

Dimensions

8x8 ft.

10x10 ft.

12x12 ft.

14x14 ft.

5 ft.
or
less

4 in. thick

5 in. thick

6 in. thick

J^-in. round bars at 8-in.
centers. Place in center
of wall.

3^-in. round bars at 6-in.
centers. Place 2 in. from
the outside face.

5^-in. round bars at 9-in.

Centers, r laL/C o in. lruin

the outside face.

^g-in. round bars at 7J^-

in ppnfpra PIopa ^K\/n in

in. ^/Ciitci o. I laLC *.J / £ in.

from the outside face.

5 ft.
to
10 ft.

6 in. thick

7 in. thick

8 in. thick

3^-in. round bars at 12-in.
centers. Place 4 in. from
the outside face.

J^-in. round bars at 8-in.
centers. Place 4 in. from
the outside face.

%-\n. round bars at 9-in.
centers. Place 43^ in. from
the outside face.

5/g-in. round bars at 7-in.
centers. Place 5 in. from
the outside face.

10 ft.

to
15 ft.

6 in. thick

7 in. thick

8 in. thick

^-in. round bars at 10-in.
centers. Place 4 in. from
the outside face.

J^-in. round bars at 6-in.
centers. Place 4 in. from
the outside face.

i^-in. round bars at 7-in.
centers. Place4^in.from
the outside face.

jHJ-in. round bars at 5-in.
centers. Place 5 in. from
the outside face.

♦Vertical reinforcement is %-in. round bars spaced 12 in. center to center. Distances from face of wall are to centerline of bars.

splices are made, the bars must be lapped 24 in.

It is important that splices in horizontal bars be
made at a point halfway between the corner and the
center of the bin wall. Reinforcement around door
openings is shown in Fig. 23.

Small granaries of square bin construction may be
of the type shown in Figs. 24 and 26.

Combination Corncrib and Granary

The combination corncrib and granary is usually
built of concrete staves in the manner indicated by
Plan C-749 and the picture below.

Ventilation for ear corn is provided through openings
in the staves. These openings are screened to exclude
rats and mice by the use of steel rods or mesh embedded

An attractive combination corncrib and granary is a popular type
of construction in many grain-growing areas. Firesafe anil weather-
proof storage for ear corn is provided in the crib sections having
ventilated stave walls. Solid staves form tight bins overhead.

Tabic XVIII — Capacity of Square Bins, Bo.*

Depth
of bin, ft.

Dimensions

8x8 ft.

10x10 ft.

12x12 ft.

14x14 ft.

260

400

580

780

510

800

1,150

1,570

770

1.200

1.730

2.350

♦Capacities computed to nearest 10 bu., assuming 1.25 cu.ft.
per bu.

in the concrete, or the openings in the staves are made
as a series of narrow slots that are small enough to
keep rodents from passing through them.

The trench or dragway in the floor enables corn to
be dropped directly into the drag or conveyor when
shelling, with a minimum of hand shoveling. This
trench should be large enough to provide plenty of
room for the conveyor. The bottom of the trench should
be above the grade line and sloped toward the outside
wall to insure good drainage.

The design and construction of concrete stave storage
structures are handled by companies specializing in
that business. Names of such companies will be fur-
nished on request to Portland Cement Association.

Construction Requirements

Floor construction in cribs and grain bins deserves
special attention. Experience shows that a well-built
concrete floor provides the best protection for stored
grain. These simple rules, rigidly followed, will assure
a well-built floor: Place the grain storage building on a
well-drained location, and follow recommendations on
page 8 for building a dry floor.

Construction of proper footings under foundation
walls of grain bins is of utmost importance. Uneven
settlement and failure of many storage buildings are
caused by inadequate footings. On firm soil, small
buildings will need a footing slab about 9 in. thick and
16 in. wide under the foundation wall. Storage bins 20
to 50 ft. high, and where footings rest on firm soil,
should have a footing slab 12 in. thick and 24 in. wide.

Shelling
trench

Ventilated door to
'shelling trench

Typical plan and section
of a combination corncrili
and granary as pictured
at the bottom of opposite
page. Ask for Plan (*-74°.

PLAN

For bins more than 50 ft. high, or if a very soft clay,
loam or quicksand is found at the footing level, it will
be necessary to build wider footings or place the foot-
ings on piles. Concrete mix for footings is given in
Table I, page 4.

Ventilation is an important consideration in all
grain storage structures. Common practice is to place
a ventilator at the top of the storage so that all bins
may be ventilated at the top.

Elevator -7

Concrete
Y stave wall

Corn crib

if* 24-"
Shelling
trench-

Granary

Hop per ~n

Com crib

Variable

To firm Footing
and below frost

SECTION

For further information send for booklet Concrete
Grain Storages for the Farm, free in the U. S. and Canada
on request to Portland Cement Association.

Fuel, Oil and Grease Storage

Fuel, Oil and Grease
Storage. Ask for Plan
B-2221.

FIRE SAFE HOOFING &
PROOF SHEATHING

Keeping fuel, oil and containers clean helps assure
long and trouble-free service from the farm tractor. A
fuel storage as shown in Plan B-2221 will not only help
in this respect but can be locked against thieves and
reduces the fire hazard around the garage or implement
shed where fuel bar-
rels are usually stored.
Any size building can
be made to meet indi-
vidual requirements.
The standard 55-gal.
drum measures 3x2 ft.
The inside width of
the building would
have to be at least 4 ft.
while the length would
vary according to the
number of barrels.
Four feet of additional
length should be pro-

vided at one end for grease and other storage.

For barrels of larger capacity the dimensions of the
building must be increased accordingly. A pit may be
built as shown in the alternate plan when a pump is
used.

ROOF MAY BE RAISED
FOR HEADROOM WHILE
FILLING DRUMS.

2"*2"*2 ! 0"

'OVER DOORS

Mtmwm

3 : 8"

Caoss Section

TO PUMP

General View

10 '-b a

CONCRETE &LOCKS 4 * &"* \Q>'<

OIL

DRUM

Q- -GREASE

CONC.BASE

2-2 *4"*^0"&EAM OVER

Plan

Alternate Section

Implement Shed and Farm Shop

Shelter and timely repairs increase the life of farm
machinery and avoid costly delays during rush seasons.
The implement shed illustrated in Plan C-2174 gives
ample protection for machinery and provides a shop
where repair work can be done in any kind of weather.

Locate the implement shed where machines can be
easily put away and near the yard light if possible. If
the front is left open it should face south or east.

Doors may be hung along the entire front if desired
to keep chickens from roosting on machinery. The shop
is partitioned off. A ceiling makes heating easier.

In estimating the size of building needed, it is best
to make a list of machines to be sheltered and the
space to be occupied by each. Then the floor area can
be accurately planned to provide a definite place for
each piece of equipment. Crowding should be avoided.
Although dimensions of machines vary, the accompany-

An attractive and serviceable implement shed with en-
closed repair shop on one end.

ing table compiled by the University of Minnesota
should prove helpful in determining space requirements.
An 18-ft. wide building will generally accommodate

General View

-TO FIRM FOOTING fc
BELOW FROST.

Cross Section

8"x8\ IG" CONCRETE 5L0CK

t\ 8"* Ifc" C ONCE) LOCK -
Ifc'Vft" CONC FOOTING^.

STORAGE SPACE FOP, IMPLEMENTS
Q>" CONCRfTE FLOOR

DOOR OPENING
3^4" x 10"

WWl'flUl
LINING

BENCH

REPAIR SHOP

f 10" WOO D BEAM

^mVWOOO POST* .■■>•• m: r
CONCRETE APRON

-V

_!_

12^0"
GC-O"

Plan

11-4"

Implement Shed and Farm Shop. Ask for Plan C-2174.

Dimensions of Various Farm Equipment Items

Automobile

Binder

Cora binder

Corn cultivator (1 row) .
Corn cultivator (2 row) .

Corn planter

Disc harrow

Gang plow

Grain drill ......

Harrow .

Hay loader .....

Ft. Ft.

7x16 Manure spreader . . . 7x12

8x15 Mower 5x 8

7x10 Potato digger 5x 8

5x 6 Rake 6x12

6x10 Side-delivery rake . . . 8x12

6x 6 Silage cutter 7x 8

5x 9 Sulky plow 5x 7

6x 8 Tedder 6x10

6x12 Tractor . 7x14

4x 6 Wagon 7x14

10x12

one row of machines — 26 ft. allows for two rows,
with a long and a short machine placed opposite each
other. Greater width than 26 ft. is uneconomical, mak-
ing necessary larger trusses to support the roof, as well
as objectionable center posts.

Walls are specified of concrete block although cast-
in-place concrete may be used satisfactorily.

A tight roof is essential. Concrete floors are specified
for both repair shop and storage room. They are durable,
easily cleaned and permit heavy machinery to be moved
about readily.

Garages

A concrete garage provides excellent facilities for
housing the farm automobile, tractor, truck or shop.
Firesafety, long life, low upkeep and attractiveness are
features which make the concrete garage particularly
adaptable for the farm.

For a single-car garage, an inside width of 12 ft. has
been found satisfactory, while for a two-car garage,

20 to 22 ft. of width is necessary. Lengths of less than
20 ft. are seldom advisable and 22 ft. is better. If a
truck is housed in the garage the length should be
determined by the length of the truck.

Plan C-2210 of garage and farm shop is very desirable.
This may be heated in winter and makes an excellent
repair shop.

FIR ESAFE ROOFINGj
& ROOF

fx G" FASCIA

CONCRETE L INTEL - T^i
2-y'ROUND BARS -

SECTION

GARAGE DOOR.

CROSS SECTION

PLAN

Garage and Farm Shop. Ask for Plan C-2210.

Storage Cellars

Small Storage Cellar

I 'ndcrp-ound storage cellars maintain cool temper-
atures and relatively high humidity, helping to keep
produce in good condition over a considerable period
of lime,

Walls of the small storage Plan B-331 may be of
either concrete masonry units or of reinforced concrete.
Storages of larger size should generally be of reinforced
concrete construction. The reinforced concrete roof of
the storage is supported during construction on tem-
porary wood forms.

For greatest convenience, the storage cellar should
be built into a side hill. This simplifies construction of
the entrance and reduces labor in filling and emptying
the storage. However, if the cellar must be located
where the ground is nearly level, construction may be
as shown in the plans.

Large Storage Cellar

The cellar Plan C-1834, being designed in 10-ft. sec-
tions, is adaptable to the requirements of practically
any large fruit or vegetable producer. A cellar 68 ft.
8 in. long as shown will provide storage for 5,000 bu.
The capacity is considerably greater if part or all of

Home-grown fruit and vegetables can be kept in good
condition for a considerable period of time when stored
in an underground concrete storage cellar or cave.

the driveway space is used for storage.

Earth floors are considered best for the storage com-
partments as the moisture from the ground helps to
maintain proper humidity in the cellar. A false floor
and wall hold the stored crops away from the wall and
floor and thus allow space for air movement. Care
should be taken to provide for adequate drainage if it

ALTt-RNAT! 51RS
5ENT UP

:"+B*K$-Z'0"O.C.

SECTION B-B

TnS'

USI

VENTlUTORs
8"CONCP!PE

Z FT. EARTH FILL

. x . ... v , f ,. l .

SLIDING DAMPER.
8-CONC. BLOCK, WALL

1,11,1

J. 'I 'J "1

SECTION A- A

1- LAYERS OF WATERPROOF w H'"
bLDG. PAPER. MOP EACH LAYER
WITH HOTTAR^I

Z" PLANKING

ALTERNATE DC-TAIL OF

Temporary Wood Roof

2| , -4"

-i 1 1 — n -

5-4" 2-8"

T — T

5-4"

2-&

20-0"

PLAN

4-0"

o
3-0"

.....J

Small Underground Storage Cellar. Ask for Plan B-331.

is not possible to locate the storage cellar on ground
that drains naturally.

The central aisle driveway is floored with concrete.
This provides a good firm passageway for moving fruit
and vegetables in and out during all seasons.

Concrete block, building tile or cast-in-place con-
struction are equally suitable. The columns, beams and
roof slabs are of structural concrete reinforced with steel.

Above-Ground Storage Building

The above-ground type of storage building shown in
Plan C-1834 for fruits and vegetables is less extensively
used. It is customary to insulate the walls and ceiling
of these houses to maintain uniform temperatures. They
are commonly equipped with stoves which can be used
during extremely cold spells.

An above-ground storage building may be built from
the same plans as the cellar type. However, the founda-
tion is built deep enough to extend below frost level
and the entire structure, including doors and windows,
tightly constructed to prevent possible leakage of air.

Nearly completed storage cellar with slightly arched con-
crete slab roof.

To provide additional insulation, a pitched roof, shown
in the plan, is sometimes used. This construction allows
for a layer of insulation material in the ceiling. As an
additional precaution against heat transfer, fur out the
walls with metal lath and plaster.

Detmls of Roof Construction

Concrete Storage Cellar with details for above or underground construction. Ask for Plan C-1834.

Tobacco Curing Barn or Sweet Potato Storage

Plan C-1533 shows construction details for a typical
tobacco curing barn of concrete tile which can be con-
verted to a building for sweet potato curing and storage.

Uniform heat distribution and control, savings in
fuel and the firesafety of concrete have been important
factors leading to the increased demand for this type
of building.

Experience shows that best results are obtained when
care is taken to follow construction suggestions below.

How to Convert Tobacco Barn to Building
for Sweet Potato Curing and Storage

The tobacco barn can easily be converted to a struc-
ture for the storing of sweet potatoes as follows:

1. When the walls are being built, place strap iron
hangers 18 in. on center in the mortar joint which

occurs about 3 ft. 3 in. above grade. These hangers
are to receive false floor joists of 2x8 rough lum-
ber. Hangers are needed only along the two side
walls.

2. Make doors, windows, ventilators and other open-
ings tight and screen inlet ventilators.

3. Remove tobacco tier poles and build false floor of
2x8 joists covered with 1x3 boards placed 6 in. on
center as shown in drawings.

4. Apply building paper and solid sheathing to under-
side of rafters to make roof structure airtight.

The large door opening as shown in the plans is
especially convenient in handling sweet potatoes. If the
building is to be used only for tobacco, however, the
rough masonry opening for the door may be reduced
to 4x6 ft.

SEE S.OOF
DETAILS BELOW

2x4x12-0"
2-0'O.C.

CROSS SECTION LONG ITU Dl NM SECTION

FOR. TOBACCO CURING

A ■ 6" FOR TIER. POLES -
8" FOR. FLOOR. JOISTS
, 4" FOR TIER POLES -

2i"FOR. FLOOR JOISTS

DETML- METAL JOIST HANGERS

Tobacco Curing Barn Convertible to Sweet Potato Curing and Storage. Ask for Plan C-1533.

Greenhouses

Sash Greenhouse

This small, low-cost greenhouse, Plan C-2239, is just
the thing for starting seeds early and for beginners in
the greenhouse business.

The walls are concrete or concrete block and the
sash are regular hotbed sash. The greenhouse should
be located on a well-drained site with a southern expo-
sure and protected on the north. Heat may be supplied
by a coal or wood stove, hot water heat, or electricity.
Small water heating stoves are sometimes used for
circulating water through coils under the benches.
Modern electrical soil-heating cable is now used exten-
sively in areas where power is available.

Flue-Heated Greenhouse

This type of house, Plan C-2240, is efficient and
economical to construct. The pit permits a low struc-
ture that is easily protected from cold winds. The stove
heats the soil through a flue in the soil. Electric soil-
heating cable is also used extensively where power is
available. Information may be obtained from your
agricultural college concerning the adaptability of this
type of installation.

Plant propagation by chemical solution is being widely
used for the growing of flowers and to some extent in
growing vegetables. The tray shown in Plan C-2239 is
designed for this type of culture. Trays may also be
used in Plan C-2240 if desired.

Section A-A

FOUNDATION YULL 4^0"
DEEP ONLY 0NTW0S1DES
OF FIRING SPACE.

General View u ~

■ h\ v. * ! — —

ft" CONG. TILE 5" RISE PER FT.

1 1

do'

TRENCH J"

3"C0NCFL. *

FIRING =*

4' 5^0

fc'-O"

-J0 C

Plan

Flue-Heated Greenhouse. Ask for Plan C-2240.

5\fc-0" r \\V STRIP

METAL FLASHI NG? /

3xS

Eavc- 6 Ridge Detail

Cross Section

General View

4-0'

ONE HALF 4" TRE J

details of
Concrete Tray

NOTE : TRAYS DESIGNED FOR PLANT PROPAGATION BY
CHEMICAL SOLUTION. FOR SOLUTION WITH tph) NO
GREATER THAN 5.5 NO PROTECTIVE COATING NEEDED.

PROTECTIVE COATINGS:

(1) -BOILEO LINSEED OIL- 2 COATS. FIRST COAT THINNED
WITH EQUAL PARTS TURPENTINE .

(2) - EMULSIFIED ASPHALT ACCORDING TO MTCr.
DIRECTION S .

\ „.i .* ).. ■ ■;, » ■ /

•• •• — I v "1

O
«+

CONCRETE TRAYS

i J

— JB

. ;.. a i. j>. p iy, . f» ; I 1 .... -\ : * t \ . ;.„ ■ "

Plan

Sash Greenhouse with Tray Details. Ask for Plan C-2239.

Concrete Water Supply Tanks

Water under pressure around the farmstead is one
of the most practical and sensible improvements that
can be made. The elevated tank illustrated by Plan
C-1365 is one way to obtain water under pressure where
electric power is not available. Roughly a pressure of
1 lb. per sq.in. will be developed for each 2J/£-ft. eleva-
tion the water level is above ground. Consult your
water system dealer for size of pipe to use.

Water under pressure is of real value in preventing
fires. Either elevated tanks which furnish water
under pressure or underground storage tanks or cisterns
from which water can be pumped are a good investment.

The most common mistake in building water supply
tanks is to build them too small. With complete plumb-
ing the average household will use around 40 gal. of
water per person per day. Average daily livestock con-
sumption of water is as follows:

Gal. Gal.

Each cow 25 Each hog 2

Each steer 12 Each sheep l}4

Each horse 12 Each 100 chickens ... 4

Most farmers find that a waler supply tank of 3,000
to 10,000-gal. capacity meets ordinary requirements.

The construction of round tanks both above and
below the ground is shown in Plans C-1365 and C-1364.

*Free in U. S. mid Canada on request to Portland CemenL
Association.

One of the principal benefits of running water in the farm
home is the greater convenience provided on wash day.

Square tank construction below ground is illustrated
in Plan C-1366.

Construction information for round and rectangular
tanks and cisterns to hold 20,000 to 40,000 gal. is
available on request. Ask for folder Concrete Fire
Cisterns*. For further information request booklet Con-
crete Structures for Farm Water Supply and Sewage
Disposal*.

In building the tank, concrete should be placed in a
single, continuous operation if possible, walls of the
tank being placed immediately following floor construc-
tion. For concrete mix see Table I, page 4.

s Manhole cover

i Round bars
12 "ac—

i Roun d barsj ^

IVoc

D -Bars -Alternate/,
ban stop at*
and fo aiam.-

Half' Plan
Reinforcement In Top Face Of Tank Fl oor

\{r2~i Round
m bars over
doors and
windows.

j D/am, '[i O/'am

*A-&ars

j 0'iam.

I Round bars
24"o.c.

k"Roundbars
S 30"o.c. -

Plan

Reinforcement In Bottom Face Of Tank F wok
Floor, Reinforcement

For Round Tanks Bui l tAs Shown in This Dewing

Diarp
Tank

Thickness
of floor
"V

"A" Bars
Required

"6"- Ban
Required

* tf-bars .
Required

%'-0"

{"rounds
IV o.c.

i rounds
9" o.c.

i rounds
10" o.c.

/o'o"

k« rounds
1 12" o.c.

grounds
2 G'o.c

|* rounds
8 9" O.C.

IVO"

i" rounds
to" o.c.

grounds
5" o.c.

|" rounds
8 8" ox.

14 L 0"

grounds
8 IToc

rounds
8 6" o.c.

i" rounds
4 9"o.C.

1 I

G'OakmefaL
dam in S
const joint

Detail

reinf0rcemen tat junc tion
Of Floor And Wall

2 "Round bars /2"o.c. Send
into Floor as shown

'if' Bars - See Floor
plan and table

- Extend 2-0 into tank floor as shown .

Cooling Room with Elevated Water Tank. Ask for Plan C-1365.

$ Round bar

around ^snhoie/fA _!__(_ JLi

ooening.^^ X

b'Round bars
6" o.c. both ways.

Handle or
ring

-Tapers for
, easuremoK
\ef 7 forms.

Plan of
Roof slab Reinforcement

Manhole cover-

%'Roundbars 6 1
bo fli ways.

f Round bars 12'o.c.

8 L 0"and I0 l 0'diam.

-2 Round bars 12 o.c

¥ Round bars ITo.c.
j both way s.-j^ ^

Section Thru Form

FOR MANHOLE COVER.

Note;

increase mil thickness
tin. where earth wails of
excavation serve for outer
forms.

Grades

^1' Round bars 9 tt q.c] '
both ways. Ends hooked.

/Const.
joi nt

both ways, t

Vertical cross Section

Manhole cover

A "Round bars & 'ox. both ways

Horizon tai bars -
{"rounos 12 "o.c.

ll L 0"and i4 L 0"diam.

s~ Horn, bars - 1 rounds

S"o.c.for I2^0"diam.
1'io.c.for U'-O'diam.

' Horizontal bars -
grounds 12 'o.c.

k* Round bars $ "o.c;

Orade-

Const,
joint

'l* Round
barsl2b.c.

S ^ Wall reinforcement

{"Round bars 12'o.c.
bent into floor.

b'Galv. metal dam A
yin construction joint

^i'Round bars8'o.c.
both ways r Ends hooked. both ways.

Vertical Cross Section

Capacities of Round Tanks
and Cisterns in gallons *

Depth

fSt

Diameter in feet

1500

2350

3380

4610

2150

3520

5070

6920

3000

4700

6760

9220

1160

5370

8460

II 520

4SI0

7040

10 ISO

13830

typical Detail -

Reinforcement At Junction of
Tank fiooR And Wall

* Diameters and depths are inside
dimensions.

Construction of Round Tanks built in the ground. For details on other sizes ask for Plan C-1364.

capacities of square tanks
and cist e rms in gallons

Depth

in
feet

Tank Sizes

8 ft so.

to ft. so.

12 ft. Sf

1,920

3,000

4,110

2,880

4,S00

6,480

3 t 840

6R00

8,640

7,500

10,800

12,360

2\4 "form bracing-

Plank protection

Inform studding

inner forms

GENERAL VIEW OF INNER. FORMS

/-Manhole cover

fRound bars9"o,cJ I 'Roundbarr 7b.c^
both ways bothways

-I* Round bars 7b.c both ways- Bend
ail vertical bars tnto top slab.

-{'Round bars 9b.c. both ways. - Bend
alternate vertical bars Into top slab.

I0 l 0* Souare

Note'-

lap i

I* Round bars 8 ^ox. both ways

2*6'

§* Round bars 9*o.c both ways ^

22-

Grade 7

bothways

VERTICAL CROSS SECTION

-0'Qaiv.
metal
dam in
constr.
joint

Construction of Square Tanks built in the ground. For details on other sizes ask for Plan C-1366.

With this type of bull pen the herd sire has the advantages of ample exercise out-of-doors, yet he is safely confined behind
strong concrete posts and pipe rails. Method of casting pipes into concrete posts is illustrated at the right.

Bull Pens

A substantial bull pen or paddock which permits
sunlight, exercise and safe confinement for the herd
bull is considered a necessity on the modern dairy farm.
General practice is to enclose a space about 20x80 ft.
Construction may be as shown in Plan C-2173 and in
the photograph. Concrete posts are usually 8 or 10 in.

square and 8 ft. long; %-in. triangular strips are used
to line corners of the post forms. The posts are set
about 8 ft. apart and 2% ft. into the ground. Rails of
13^2-in. galvanized pipe are fastened to the posts with
U-bolts, or the pipes may better be cast in place along
the centerline of the post as shown.

"4> REIN P.
5A RS

-la PIPE
RAILS

DETML OF
CONCRETE POSTS

F 1 RE RESISTANT
ROOFING
HEATMING
2"x4" RAFTERS
2 L 0"O.C

General View

MOTE:-

SUGGESTED CONCRETE AM X i 1 SACK PORTLAND CEMENT TO
2^4 CU. FT. SAND TO 5 CU.FT.GRAVtL WJTM NOT MORE THAN 5
GAL. WATER ADDED PER SACK, OF CEMENT FOR AVERAGE MOIST
SAND.

CROSS SECTION

PLAN

A Safe null Pen and Exercise Yard. Ask for Plan C-2173.

Concrete Manure Pits

Farm manure is valuable chiefly for its nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium content. Much of these valu-
able fertilizing elements is completely lost, however, if
the manure is piled in an unpaved yard exposed to sun,
wind and rain. Under such practice loss of nitrogen by
fermentation and loss of phosphorus and potassium by
leaching usually destroy more than half of the original
fertilizing value of the manure.

Only two things are required to save most of the
nitrogen and practically all of the phosphorus and
potassium in the manure. These are:

1. Use bedding generously to take up the liquids
which contain the larger proportion of the fer-
tilizing elements.

2. Store the manure in damp, well-compacted piles
in a watertight, weather-protected pit.

Table XIX — Figure Out the Value of the Manure
Produced by Your Livestock*

Tons in 1 year

Value per ton

Value for 1 year

Horse . .

5.2

$6.09

$31.67

Dairy cow . . .

8.5

4,56

38.76

Other cattle . .

4.0

5.47

21.88

Sheep ,

0.4

9.66

3.86

Hog

0.6

6.19

3.71

*These figures were taken from Pennsylvania Experiment Sta-
tion Circular No. 67. Results from several other experiment
stations accord with the above figures and substantiate the fact
that mixed manure is worth at least $5 per ton.

The fertilizing value of manure is much greater when
properly handled.

These two practices followed faithfully will double the
fertilizing value of farm manure.

A concrete manure pit is a practical solution to most
efficient handling of manure. The increased value of
the manure will generally repay the cost of the pit
during the first year or two of its use. The concrete pit
is built 4 ft. high, with lengths and widths to fit the
size of herd as follows:

10 cows — 16 ft. wide, 16 ft. long,
20 cows— 18 ft. wide, 26 ft. long.
40 cows— 24 ft. wide, 40 ft. long.

Concrete Manure Pit with Liquid Tank. Ask for Plan C-623.

Index

Barns

how to choose Ibe plan 16

design data 17

Basement walls 7

Bins, grain 41

Block, concrete building 9

Bull pens 54

Cattle shed 40

Cave, storage 48

Cellar

storage 48

wall construction 6

Concrete

how to make it 2

how to figure materials required 5

Concrete masonry construction

sizes, shapes of units 9

how to build with masonry 10

mortar 12

wall patterns 12

construction details 13

applying portland cement paint 14

Corn crib and granary 44

Dairy barns 17

how to build floor 18

walk-through type 19

2-story barns 20-21

1- story barns 22

Farm shop

and implement shed 46

and garage . . . . 47

Floors, warm, dry, finishing . . , 8

Footings, construction, size of 6

Foundations, forms for 6

Frames, window and door ♦ 13

Fuel, oil and grease storage 45

Garages . , 47

General purpose barns 23-25

Grain storages

circular, reinforcement, capacity 4 J.

square, reinforcement, capacity 43

corn crib and granary 44

Gravel for concrete 2

Greenhouses

sash. . . .... 51

flue heated 51

chemical trays 51

Hog houses

planning , 36

2- row farrowing house 37

1-row farrowing house 38

Implement shed and farm shop 46

Insulated cooling tank 30

Insulating farm buildings 15

Lightweight concrete masonry 14

Lintels 12

Manure pits 55

Materials for concrete

how to figure amounts required 5

Milk cooling tank ! 30

Milk houses

1- room 26

2- room . 27

3- room 29

pasteurizing plant 2ii

Mortar for concrete masonry 12

Paddock, bull 54

Painting of concrete 14

Plaster, portland cement . 15

Poultry houses

brooder or laying house 31

20x40-ft. unit 32

planning 33

2-story 34

brooder house 31

heating and air conditioning 35

Reinforced concrete 4

Sills, window 12

Silt test 2

Storage cellars

small, large underground 48

above-ground 49

Stucco finishes 15

Sweet potato storage

or tobacco curing barn 50

Tanks, round, square, water supply 52

Tobacco curing barn

or sweet potato storage 50

Vegetable matter test 3

Walls

basement, watertight . 7

construction of 6-7

Washing table, aggregate 3

Water supply tanks 52

Window

frames 13

sills 12

For detailed information on the following subjects ask for booklet indicated.
MODERN CONCRETE REFRIGERATED FRUIT STORAGES
CONCRETE COLO STORAGE LOCKER PLANTS

PUBLISHED BY

PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION

33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago 10, III.

Printed in U. S. A

F 18 Second Edition— 23M— 10-47

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